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Spatial deteil vs acceptance angle
Acceptance angle of objective must be wide enough to collect at least first order diffracted rays
See back focal plane using telescope
The rear focal plane of the objective can be observed using a telescope insert into the eyepiece tube.
Diffraction pattern in the transform plane
Demonstration of diffraction patterns in a test object - (Diatom test slide).
Spatial filtering in the transform plane
Using a small aperture slider to remove diffracted orders in the transform plane eliminates detail in the image plane.
Deriving Numerical Aperture = N.A.
The geometries of diffraction patterns must match the geometries of acceptance angle.