1 00:00:06,480 --> 00:00:09,210 Alright, so continuing, as I highlighted 2 00:00:09,210 --> 00:00:11,160 as Tony talked about NSRC largely 3 00:00:11,160 --> 00:00:13,140 supports graduate students work. 4 00:00:13,140 --> 00:00:15,900 Another important part of this is supporting 5 00:00:15,900 --> 00:00:18,540 sophomore faculty and allowing them the 6 00:00:18,540 --> 00:00:20,820 I often view NSRC funding as seed funder 7 00:00:20,820 --> 00:00:23,018 that can be leveraged through other federal initiatives 8 00:00:23,018 --> 00:00:25,790 that think that we'll talk about a little bit. 9 00:00:25,790 --> 00:00:29,040 Manage from the University of New Hampshire, longtime 10 00:00:29,040 --> 00:00:31,680 resident in New England, a local expert, 11 00:00:31,680 --> 00:00:34,230 a forest ecologist, broad interest 12 00:00:34,230 --> 00:00:36,750 and I think you'll touch on at least one 13 00:00:36,750 --> 00:00:40,140 as well as three projects center city projects. 14 00:00:40,140 --> 00:00:42,000 So thank you Matt. 15 00:00:42,000 --> 00:00:43,043 [Matt] No thank you. 16 00:00:44,130 --> 00:00:46,620 Great, So yeah, I'm going to try in this time 17 00:00:46,620 --> 00:00:48,300 to talk about three projects 18 00:00:48,300 --> 00:00:51,300 that we have going in my research group that are all funded 19 00:00:51,300 --> 00:00:54,420 by NSRC and they all happen to be focused 20 00:00:54,420 --> 00:00:56,733 in various ways on seedlings. 21 00:00:58,140 --> 00:01:01,740 I co-managed the eco hydrology group at UNH 22 00:01:01,740 --> 00:01:05,940 with Professor Heidi Asbjornsen and we have seven 23 00:01:05,940 --> 00:01:07,830 Grad students in our group right now. 24 00:01:07,830 --> 00:01:11,040 And the work that I'll be presenting represents 25 00:01:11,040 --> 00:01:14,103 primary work of four of those students. 26 00:01:15,420 --> 00:01:17,820 So the three projects we'll be talking about are, 27 00:01:17,820 --> 00:01:20,040 one is an assisted migration project. 28 00:01:20,040 --> 00:01:24,670 So looking at different tree species, how they might do as 29 00:01:25,560 --> 00:01:28,860 planting stock or northern forest, 30 00:01:28,860 --> 00:01:33,123 particularly in a future warmer climate with more drought. 31 00:01:34,230 --> 00:01:35,520 Also we talking about 32 00:01:35,520 --> 00:01:37,590 and that's the one that's stuck furthest along. 33 00:01:37,590 --> 00:01:38,850 So we'll spend the most time 34 00:01:38,850 --> 00:01:41,130 'cause there's more results from it. 35 00:01:41,130 --> 00:01:43,560 We have two other projects that started more recently. 36 00:01:43,560 --> 00:01:45,450 There's an oak regeneration project 37 00:01:45,450 --> 00:01:48,210 in the White Mountain National Forest looking at the role 38 00:01:48,210 --> 00:01:52,320 of prescribed fire in improving oak regeneration success. 39 00:01:52,320 --> 00:01:54,150 And finally, one of those 40 00:01:54,150 --> 00:01:57,120 indigenous forests knowledge fund projects 41 00:01:57,120 --> 00:02:01,200 that heard about it as a new parameter of funding. 42 00:02:01,200 --> 00:02:05,100 And that's working with the no vegan Abenaki 43 00:02:05,100 --> 00:02:07,680 and looking at Atlantic White Cedar regeneration, 44 00:02:07,680 --> 00:02:09,813 which is a cultural important species. 45 00:02:11,010 --> 00:02:13,560 So I'll start by talking about our project on 46 00:02:13,560 --> 00:02:16,410 assisted migration and I'll highlight particularly the work 47 00:02:16,410 --> 00:02:18,220 of Sam Zuckerman, the PhD student 48 00:02:19,260 --> 00:02:21,250 who's conceived the project 49 00:02:22,650 --> 00:02:24,570 Forest Service collaborators 50 00:02:24,570 --> 00:02:26,583 Tony and Jay Wason at Maine. 51 00:02:27,870 --> 00:02:31,830 So Tony did a really good job of introducing the idea 52 00:02:31,830 --> 00:02:33,720 of forestry assisted migration. 53 00:02:33,720 --> 00:02:36,480 Planting is not something we think of as a major part 54 00:02:36,480 --> 00:02:39,690 of forest management in the northeast, 55 00:02:39,690 --> 00:02:41,130 but people are really interested in it 56 00:02:41,130 --> 00:02:44,760 and particularly how do we make a species mix 57 00:02:44,760 --> 00:02:46,440 that is functionally diverse 58 00:02:46,440 --> 00:02:49,140 and ready for what that future climate looks like 59 00:02:49,140 --> 00:02:50,670 or the range of possibilities 60 00:02:50,670 --> 00:02:53,670 of the future climate might included. 61 00:02:53,670 --> 00:02:58,170 So the research questions here are the seedling ecotypes 62 00:02:58,170 --> 00:03:01,380 of the source population that we bring seedlings. 63 00:03:01,380 --> 00:03:03,960 Does that influence seedling success when grown in a common 64 00:03:03,960 --> 00:03:06,993 garden in a greenhouse in Durham, New Hampshire? 65 00:03:08,160 --> 00:03:09,870 And then how do these species 66 00:03:09,870 --> 00:03:11,760 and ecotypes that we're studying respond 67 00:03:11,760 --> 00:03:13,113 to a drought treatment? 68 00:03:14,280 --> 00:03:16,770 These are seedlings largely from 69 00:03:16,770 --> 00:03:18,453 the New Hampshire Forest nursery. 70 00:03:19,560 --> 00:03:22,680 We comp, we studied seven species. 71 00:03:22,680 --> 00:03:25,560 Again, some of those were kind of on the list of 72 00:03:25,560 --> 00:03:29,530 commonly available and interested planting species 73 00:03:31,620 --> 00:03:33,120 focused on New Hampshire ecotypes. 74 00:03:33,120 --> 00:03:36,210 And then we supplemented with seedlings 75 00:03:36,210 --> 00:03:37,860 from a Michigan nursery. 76 00:03:37,860 --> 00:03:40,950 So a similar temperature 77 00:03:40,950 --> 00:03:43,380 but a drier climate than what we have, 78 00:03:43,380 --> 00:03:45,810 as well as from Virginia similar precipitation, 79 00:03:45,810 --> 00:03:49,110 but a warmer climate than we have in New Hampshire. 80 00:03:49,110 --> 00:03:51,510 This was all set up in 2022. 81 00:03:51,510 --> 00:03:52,740 Midway through the summer, 82 00:03:52,740 --> 00:03:54,660 half the seedlings received a drought. 83 00:03:54,660 --> 00:03:57,900 We brought them down to about 5% water content in 84 00:03:57,900 --> 00:04:00,090 the pot for three weeks. 85 00:04:00,090 --> 00:04:01,710 We repeated that in 2023, 86 00:04:01,710 --> 00:04:03,690 except the drought treatment was divided 87 00:04:03,690 --> 00:04:08,040 into two treatments, one of which was just repeating 88 00:04:08,040 --> 00:04:11,010 that moderate drought and the other was an extreme drought 89 00:04:11,010 --> 00:04:14,100 of really just washing the physiology of the trees rundown. 90 00:04:14,100 --> 00:04:16,800 How they dealt with stress until they completely died? 91 00:04:18,030 --> 00:04:21,693 Here's what things look like about halfway through 2022. 92 00:04:22,560 --> 00:04:26,883 Open-ended greenhouse in Durham. 93 00:04:27,990 --> 00:04:29,610 Seedlings arranged in blocks. 94 00:04:29,610 --> 00:04:32,283 Blocks randomly assigned draft treatments. 95 00:04:34,380 --> 00:04:38,460 We collected a ton of physiological data from these, 96 00:04:38,460 --> 00:04:40,470 especially in 2023. 97 00:04:40,470 --> 00:04:42,210 Some of these measurements are kind of destructive, 98 00:04:42,210 --> 00:04:43,800 so we didn't want to do, 99 00:04:43,800 --> 00:04:45,960 we don't wanna collect too many leaves when the trees were 100 00:04:45,960 --> 00:04:47,793 still really small in 22. 101 00:04:48,840 --> 00:04:50,640 But this was really we'd a big team. 102 00:04:50,640 --> 00:04:53,490 We had three full-time undergrads all summer 103 00:04:53,490 --> 00:04:56,970 plus Sam, and we're still processing samples 104 00:04:56,970 --> 00:04:59,733 for the trades and anatomy as well. 105 00:05:01,020 --> 00:05:05,910 I'm gonna focus on just two results to model conductance 106 00:05:05,910 --> 00:05:07,860 and heightened diameter growth for now. 107 00:05:09,150 --> 00:05:12,300 So we saw across these are five of the species, 108 00:05:12,300 --> 00:05:14,520 this is 2023. 109 00:05:14,520 --> 00:05:17,460 We saw some kind a range of differences 110 00:05:17,460 --> 00:05:19,530 in general droughted plants grew less. 111 00:05:19,530 --> 00:05:21,993 Differences were not always significant. 112 00:05:23,790 --> 00:05:27,450 What's graphed on the Y axis here is a growth rate. 113 00:05:27,450 --> 00:05:29,640 So you can see black cherry, not surprisingly, 114 00:05:29,640 --> 00:05:31,530 was growing at more than twice the rate 115 00:05:31,530 --> 00:05:34,560 of some of the other species. 116 00:05:34,560 --> 00:05:39,210 Also, interesting to note that when things got limited, 117 00:05:39,210 --> 00:05:42,150 when water was limited, trees really 118 00:05:42,150 --> 00:05:44,070 responded more in diameter growth 119 00:05:44,070 --> 00:05:46,080 than they did in height growth. 120 00:05:46,080 --> 00:05:50,520 So they're prioritizing hyper of this stage of their life, 121 00:05:50,520 --> 00:05:52,090 presumably to compete for light 122 00:05:53,250 --> 00:05:55,743 over diameter growth or biomass. 123 00:05:57,780 --> 00:06:00,753 We also looked at stomatal conductance in a lot of detail. 124 00:06:01,710 --> 00:06:03,330 So stomatal conductance is a measure of 125 00:06:03,330 --> 00:06:05,820 gas exchange at the leaf surface. 126 00:06:05,820 --> 00:06:09,000 And when water becomes limiting, 127 00:06:09,000 --> 00:06:10,920 plants can reduce the conductance 128 00:06:10,920 --> 00:06:14,040 of the pores on the leaf surface to conserve water 129 00:06:14,040 --> 00:06:16,080 that comes at a cost because it also reduces 130 00:06:16,080 --> 00:06:18,280 the amount of carbon uptake that can occur 131 00:06:19,200 --> 00:06:21,333 and carbon uptake for photosynthesis. 132 00:06:22,590 --> 00:06:26,340 So the first part of the summer June July, 133 00:06:26,340 --> 00:06:28,590 we saw basically no carryover effects 134 00:06:28,590 --> 00:06:30,900 between the blue controlled seedlings 135 00:06:30,900 --> 00:06:32,670 and the red lines which represent the ones 136 00:06:32,670 --> 00:06:34,420 that had been previously droughted. 137 00:06:35,430 --> 00:06:37,620 July 10th, we started the drought. 138 00:06:37,620 --> 00:06:41,820 We withheld water from the ones in those treatments 139 00:06:41,820 --> 00:06:43,800 represented by those red lines 140 00:06:43,800 --> 00:06:48,150 and we can see stomatal conductance declines 141 00:06:48,150 --> 00:06:50,280 kind of at a different rate for each species. 142 00:06:50,280 --> 00:06:53,700 So the cherry declined pretty much immediately. 143 00:06:53,700 --> 00:06:54,960 Oaks took a little bit longer. 144 00:06:54,960 --> 00:06:57,330 Sugar maple went more than a week without seeming to notice 145 00:06:57,330 --> 00:06:58,730 that we hadn't watered them. 146 00:07:01,890 --> 00:07:04,920 August 3rd, we began to re-water the ones in this 147 00:07:04,920 --> 00:07:07,500 bright red treatment, the moderate drought. 148 00:07:07,500 --> 00:07:10,863 And we see recovery also varies a lot by species. 149 00:07:11,820 --> 00:07:13,590 The cherry very responsive, 150 00:07:13,590 --> 00:07:16,740 bounces back almost immediately when they get re-watered. 151 00:07:16,740 --> 00:07:20,160 Oak is a little bit slower, doesn't come back quite 152 00:07:20,160 --> 00:07:22,470 to the control level by the end of the summer. 153 00:07:22,470 --> 00:07:25,140 And sugar maple once again, didn't notice 154 00:07:25,140 --> 00:07:26,790 that they had been watered again. 155 00:07:26,790 --> 00:07:30,120 They still, there's some sort of damage or you know 156 00:07:30,120 --> 00:07:34,050 loss of function in those leaves that even that drought, 157 00:07:34,050 --> 00:07:36,700 they didn't really recover for the rest of that year. 158 00:07:38,820 --> 00:07:40,560 So here's what things look like in the greenhouse. 159 00:07:40,560 --> 00:07:43,200 This is the first week of the drought. 160 00:07:43,200 --> 00:07:45,993 Nothing is too obviously wilting yet. 161 00:07:47,820 --> 00:07:50,820 Another week in, we can see the cherries 162 00:07:50,820 --> 00:07:52,080 that were in the extreme treatment 163 00:07:52,080 --> 00:07:53,070 lost temperature pressure. 164 00:07:53,070 --> 00:07:56,640 The leaves are just all floppy dangling on the branches. 165 00:07:56,640 --> 00:07:58,773 Pines of oil starting to look pretty sad. 166 00:07:59,760 --> 00:08:02,730 And then a few weeks later we start 167 00:08:02,730 --> 00:08:04,880 re-watering the moderate drought treatment. 168 00:08:06,060 --> 00:08:08,490 But the cherries that didn't get re watered 169 00:08:08,490 --> 00:08:10,690 are basically completely dead at this point. 170 00:08:12,960 --> 00:08:14,700 So preliminary findings, and again 171 00:08:14,700 --> 00:08:16,290 we have a lot more data coming in. 172 00:08:16,290 --> 00:08:19,011 This is just what we've been able to work with so far. 173 00:08:19,011 --> 00:08:22,200 All species reduce water use during the treatment. 174 00:08:22,200 --> 00:08:25,050 Recovery varied by species growth effects. 175 00:08:25,050 --> 00:08:27,990 Also varied by species if there's a theme. 176 00:08:27,990 --> 00:08:29,460 Sugar maple is the one that seems 177 00:08:29,460 --> 00:08:34,320 to not really know what it's doing when it hits drought, 178 00:08:34,320 --> 00:08:35,910 it just, it doesn't respond in the way 179 00:08:35,910 --> 00:08:37,353 that the other species do. 180 00:08:38,280 --> 00:08:40,080 Cherry grew by far the fastest, 181 00:08:40,080 --> 00:08:42,480 which meant it had the highest water demand 182 00:08:42,480 --> 00:08:44,970 and was affected very quickly 183 00:08:44,970 --> 00:08:47,613 when it started encountering dry soils. 184 00:08:49,200 --> 00:08:51,900 Within species, there were really not any differences 185 00:08:51,900 --> 00:08:56,190 by ecotype, but Virginia versus Michigan 186 00:08:56,190 --> 00:08:58,503 versus New Hampshire resource populations. 187 00:08:59,370 --> 00:09:00,960 Again, we're looking at a lot of other parameters 188 00:09:00,960 --> 00:09:02,790 and we expect to see some differences there. 189 00:09:02,790 --> 00:09:05,280 But it didn't translate to growth 190 00:09:05,280 --> 00:09:08,310 or gas exchange differences. 191 00:09:08,310 --> 00:09:10,350 Not something we were planning to measure, 192 00:09:10,350 --> 00:09:13,230 but we noticed there was very high winter mortality 193 00:09:13,230 --> 00:09:15,810 in some of the southern species, Southern red oak, 194 00:09:15,810 --> 00:09:17,250 black walnut. 195 00:09:17,250 --> 00:09:19,380 Too many of them died in an unbalanced way 196 00:09:19,380 --> 00:09:22,410 that we couldn't carry them forward in the experiment. 197 00:09:22,410 --> 00:09:26,130 Sugar maple also saw really high winter mortality in a way 198 00:09:26,130 --> 00:09:27,720 that was more balanced than we were able 199 00:09:27,720 --> 00:09:29,463 to carry them into 2023. 200 00:09:31,590 --> 00:09:32,430 I think this has to do 201 00:09:32,430 --> 00:09:34,860 with snow pack in Seacoast New Hampshire. 202 00:09:34,860 --> 00:09:36,720 There was no snow on the ground at all 203 00:09:36,720 --> 00:09:39,060 during the coldest part of the winter last year. 204 00:09:39,060 --> 00:09:42,300 And so we packed them all together. 205 00:09:42,300 --> 00:09:43,740 Stuffed hay in between them. 206 00:09:43,740 --> 00:09:46,740 But these one gallon pots froze completely solid 207 00:09:46,740 --> 00:09:49,890 at some point and I think the sugar maple seedlings 208 00:09:49,890 --> 00:09:51,940 really don't do well with that situation. 209 00:09:54,030 --> 00:09:56,250 So moving on quickly, another project 210 00:09:56,250 --> 00:09:57,960 that's just getting started is looking at 211 00:09:57,960 --> 00:10:00,750 oak regeneration in burned and unburned stands 212 00:10:00,750 --> 00:10:02,640 in the White Mountain National Forest. 213 00:10:02,640 --> 00:10:06,150 And the idea here again is thinking about range expansion 214 00:10:06,150 --> 00:10:09,390 kind of near the northern commercial range limit of 215 00:10:09,390 --> 00:10:10,473 Northern Red Oak. 216 00:10:11,580 --> 00:10:14,250 And there's some interest in whether fire is something 217 00:10:14,250 --> 00:10:16,440 that can help improve regeneration 218 00:10:16,440 --> 00:10:19,590 outcomes in that environment. 219 00:10:19,590 --> 00:10:22,200 And I'll acknowledge Nat Cleavitt at my collaborator 220 00:10:22,200 --> 00:10:25,290 at Cornell, who's was kind of the first one 221 00:10:25,290 --> 00:10:27,490 to have this idea that we should study this. 222 00:10:29,580 --> 00:10:31,680 There are few different project components here. 223 00:10:31,680 --> 00:10:36,210 So we're looking at oak regeneration in prescribed burns 224 00:10:36,210 --> 00:10:37,950 and paired control stands 225 00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:40,080 in the White Mountain National Forest. 226 00:10:40,080 --> 00:10:43,440 And we also conducted another potted seedling study 227 00:10:43,440 --> 00:10:47,280 with acorns from burn versus unburnt soil. 228 00:10:47,280 --> 00:10:49,020 There's also a tree-ring component to this, 229 00:10:49,020 --> 00:10:52,320 but I don't have any results to show you from that yet. 230 00:10:52,320 --> 00:10:53,820 Here are the study sites 231 00:10:53,820 --> 00:10:55,773 in the White Mountain National Forest. 232 00:10:57,240 --> 00:11:00,360 The core of the study is these shelter woods 233 00:11:00,360 --> 00:11:05,360 that were cut in 2015 and then burned in either 17 or 18. 234 00:11:07,650 --> 00:11:09,123 These were spring burns. 235 00:11:10,740 --> 00:11:14,850 There're also some clear cuts, small patch cuts at the 236 00:11:14,850 --> 00:11:16,260 Bartlett Experimental Forest 237 00:11:16,260 --> 00:11:18,660 which were burned in spring 21. 238 00:11:18,660 --> 00:11:20,910 And then opportunistically right around the time 239 00:11:20,910 --> 00:11:22,770 we found out that we had funding. 240 00:11:22,770 --> 00:11:25,800 There was a wildfire in Crawford, not state park. 241 00:11:25,800 --> 00:11:27,930 And we decided like, oh well let's add that 242 00:11:27,930 --> 00:11:29,613 to the experiment as well. 243 00:11:30,960 --> 00:11:33,573 It's obviously not an appropriate stand, 244 00:11:34,800 --> 00:11:36,660 but it's an oak beef stand 245 00:11:36,660 --> 00:11:40,440 and the mortality varied from 30 to 80% 246 00:11:40,440 --> 00:11:42,900 depending where you are in there. 247 00:11:42,900 --> 00:11:45,150 So things got opened up, it's kind of the natural version 248 00:11:45,150 --> 00:11:48,330 of a shelter would burn except it was much more severe 249 00:11:48,330 --> 00:11:49,860 than any of the prescribed burns. 250 00:11:49,860 --> 00:11:54,213 So the soil mediated effects might be much stronger. 251 00:11:57,240 --> 00:11:58,740 A lot of data, Khan, 252 00:11:58,740 --> 00:12:00,870 the grad student is still working this up. 253 00:12:00,870 --> 00:12:05,870 I'm going to talk just about the oak seedling density data. 254 00:12:06,000 --> 00:12:07,920 There's a highly significant effect 255 00:12:07,920 --> 00:12:11,460 of the burning treatment on the oak density. 256 00:12:11,460 --> 00:12:13,620 So this is seedling size class. 257 00:12:13,620 --> 00:12:16,773 We're calling it everything for the DBH less than one inch. 258 00:12:18,870 --> 00:12:22,120 And yeah, we see a lot more seedlings 259 00:12:23,010 --> 00:12:25,080 in the burned managed stance 260 00:12:25,080 --> 00:12:27,480 and in the unburned paired stance. 261 00:12:27,480 --> 00:12:30,120 The all these seedlings are aged, 262 00:12:30,120 --> 00:12:31,960 they're scored for obituary 263 00:12:33,270 --> 00:12:35,760 and measured for height and diameter 264 00:12:35,760 --> 00:12:39,270 and we need to divide up that analysis. 265 00:12:39,270 --> 00:12:42,120 We need to stratify it by age before it can move forward. 266 00:12:44,070 --> 00:12:46,140 We've got some interesting results from 267 00:12:46,140 --> 00:12:48,840 the potted seedling study. 268 00:12:48,840 --> 00:12:51,270 These are all local acorns, 269 00:12:51,270 --> 00:12:53,403 which were not easy to collect in 22. 270 00:12:54,630 --> 00:12:58,320 And we see that actually the burned 271 00:12:58,320 --> 00:13:03,180 unsterilized soil seemed to give a boost to those acorns 272 00:13:03,180 --> 00:13:05,790 in the early stages, which is not what we hypothesized. 273 00:13:05,790 --> 00:13:10,790 We thought that the effective fire might be to reduce 274 00:13:12,540 --> 00:13:14,580 pathogen loading in the soil. 275 00:13:14,580 --> 00:13:17,580 And so we thought the sterilized unburned soil 276 00:13:17,580 --> 00:13:20,380 and all the burned soil might do better 277 00:13:21,360 --> 00:13:24,600 than the unsterilized unburned soil. 278 00:13:24,600 --> 00:13:27,270 But this, there's something more complex going, 279 00:13:27,270 --> 00:13:31,470 but the interaction with steril is sterilizing the soil 280 00:13:31,470 --> 00:13:34,860 indicates it's probably a microbial community effect. 281 00:13:34,860 --> 00:13:37,950 So we're really interested in what's going on there. 282 00:13:37,950 --> 00:13:39,570 And finally, I just wanna mention this one 283 00:13:39,570 --> 00:13:42,840 is the least far along, but also the most unique product. 284 00:13:42,840 --> 00:13:46,920 We have study of Atlantic White Cedar regeneration 285 00:13:46,920 --> 00:13:49,579 at Bradford bug in partnership with 286 00:13:49,579 --> 00:13:51,333 the Nulhegan Abenaki Nation. 287 00:13:53,430 --> 00:13:55,830 We'll be assessing natural regeneration 288 00:13:55,830 --> 00:13:59,100 of Atlantic White Cedar establishing monitoring plots 289 00:13:59,100 --> 00:14:01,950 and documenting the cultural value towards creating 290 00:14:01,950 --> 00:14:03,750 an eco-cultural stewardship plan 291 00:14:03,750 --> 00:14:05,673 for the species on that landscape. 292 00:14:07,761 --> 00:14:08,820 It was a very difficult summer 293 00:14:08,820 --> 00:14:11,883 to do field work in a swamp this past year. 294 00:14:12,780 --> 00:14:15,483 So we don't have a lot of soil data. 295 00:14:16,770 --> 00:14:19,890 We have transects set up that vary in basal area 296 00:14:19,890 --> 00:14:23,520 of mature trees, but there's a lot of differences. 297 00:14:23,520 --> 00:14:25,140 Only some of them have any seedlings 298 00:14:25,140 --> 00:14:27,060 at all anywhere in site. 299 00:14:27,060 --> 00:14:29,550 So there are really important differences across this 300 00:14:29,550 --> 00:14:34,020 complex hydrologically land use history complex landscape. 301 00:14:34,020 --> 00:14:36,390 And we're trying to figure out what those are 302 00:14:36,390 --> 00:14:39,960 in order to make better recommendations for how to manage it 303 00:14:39,960 --> 00:14:43,353 to continue regenerating this culturally important species. 304 00:14:44,310 --> 00:14:46,590 And with that, I'll thank the funding 305 00:14:46,590 --> 00:14:48,603 and many partners and assistance. 306 00:14:56,220 --> 00:14:57,420 Perfect, here for one deal. 307 00:14:57,420 --> 00:15:00,303 Nice job. Now any questions for now? 308 00:15:02,580 --> 00:15:04,440 [Audience] The assumption behind assisted migration 309 00:15:04,440 --> 00:15:06,840 which is common assisted gene part, 310 00:15:06,840 --> 00:15:07,980 I guess that I'm talking about moving a 311 00:15:07,980 --> 00:15:09,813 species place to another is 312 00:15:09,813 --> 00:15:12,210 that the ecotypes differ from one another. 313 00:15:12,210 --> 00:15:15,090 I think we're finding similar results in some of our work 314 00:15:15,090 --> 00:15:18,450 that maybe ecotypes don't differ from one another. 315 00:15:18,450 --> 00:15:21,210 Makes that, you know, strategy just risky 316 00:15:21,210 --> 00:15:23,280 and not really maybe that effective. 317 00:15:23,280 --> 00:15:26,430 So I'm curious why you think your ecotypes don't differ 318 00:15:26,430 --> 00:15:28,050 and what does that mean for 319 00:15:28,050 --> 00:15:31,230 the effectiveness of assisted gene? 320 00:15:31,230 --> 00:15:33,660 [Matt] Yeah, I mean we're still working on that. 321 00:15:33,660 --> 00:15:35,820 I mean obviously they different in some 322 00:15:35,820 --> 00:15:36,870 measurable ways, right? 323 00:15:36,870 --> 00:15:39,543 They have different frequencies of certain genes. 324 00:15:40,710 --> 00:15:42,420 You know, there are traits that you can measure 325 00:15:42,420 --> 00:15:46,680 that are different out there in the wild populations 326 00:15:46,680 --> 00:15:48,680 when you pull them into a common garden. 327 00:15:50,220 --> 00:15:53,250 It's a different environment. Yeah. 328 00:15:53,250 --> 00:15:56,940 So we're, there are hints at differences, 329 00:15:56,940 --> 00:16:00,120 but we gotta be careful about what statistically significant 330 00:16:00,120 --> 00:16:04,110 and that the difficult winter that we had makes 331 00:16:04,110 --> 00:16:06,870 that harder than it we're hoping it would be. 332 00:16:06,870 --> 00:16:08,973 But we're still making progress on that. 333 00:16:10,350 --> 00:16:12,570 [Audience] Yeah. Just to follow up on that question, 334 00:16:12,570 --> 00:16:15,840 one of the suites of traits that ecotypes 335 00:16:15,840 --> 00:16:18,150 tend to be the most genetically differentiated 336 00:16:18,150 --> 00:16:21,450 or phonology, particularly timing, you know, 337 00:16:21,450 --> 00:16:23,280 entry and exit of dormancy. 338 00:16:23,280 --> 00:16:24,113 [Matt] Yes. 339 00:16:24,113 --> 00:16:26,370 [Audience] So was that something that 340 00:16:26,370 --> 00:16:27,780 you were either measuring directly 341 00:16:27,780 --> 00:16:31,440 or maybe indirectly through like final head growth end 342 00:16:31,440 --> 00:16:34,680 of season when they're setting bud and arresting? 343 00:16:34,680 --> 00:16:38,100 [Matt] Yeah, there are observations on that. 344 00:16:38,100 --> 00:16:41,891 They weren't as frequent as I hoped that they would be. 345 00:16:41,891 --> 00:16:46,653 It wasn't strong, which surprised me actually. 346 00:16:50,460 --> 00:16:51,780 [Audience] Thanks so much for your great work. 347 00:16:51,780 --> 00:16:54,785 So the first study involving the pots, 348 00:16:54,785 --> 00:16:57,720 I was just curious if you have plans to do field trials? 349 00:16:57,720 --> 00:16:59,970 'cause as you know, micro networks are a huge part 350 00:16:59,970 --> 00:17:02,610 of the hydrology and plants 351 00:17:02,610 --> 00:17:06,390 and their potential adaptation to less water. 352 00:17:06,390 --> 00:17:09,180 [Matt] Yeah. Potted studies are definitely limited. 353 00:17:09,180 --> 00:17:10,860 I mean, the other thing that's different 354 00:17:10,860 --> 00:17:15,060 is each plant has its own equal amount of soil 355 00:17:15,060 --> 00:17:18,870 and there's no competition between seedlings 356 00:17:18,870 --> 00:17:22,410 or with seedlings from church trees or herbaceous species. 357 00:17:22,410 --> 00:17:24,927 [Audience] Was this one from the forest? 358 00:17:24,927 --> 00:17:28,650 [Matt] No, it was a greenhouse, it was a soils mix. 359 00:17:28,650 --> 00:17:30,420 These were all bare root seedlings. 360 00:17:30,420 --> 00:17:32,768 So they came with their own micro rising. 361 00:17:32,768 --> 00:17:33,601 [Audience] Right. 362 00:17:33,601 --> 00:17:37,503 [Matt] But it's, yeah, it's not a field soil. 363 00:17:39,120 --> 00:17:41,723 [Audience] You gonna do field trials in the future? 364 00:17:43,350 --> 00:17:44,915 [Matt] That's one direction to go. 365 00:17:44,915 --> 00:17:45,748 -[Audience] That'd be good. -[Matt] Yeah. 366 00:17:45,748 --> 00:17:49,706 There's, this was in part inspired by the larger 367 00:17:49,706 --> 00:17:54,706 adapted soil culture experiment that's been planted 368 00:17:54,900 --> 00:17:58,410 all over that Tony's involved in. 369 00:17:58,410 --> 00:18:01,170 And we're originally hoping to do experiments 370 00:18:01,170 --> 00:18:02,730 droughting those seedlings. 371 00:18:02,730 --> 00:18:04,770 And after some trials we didn't think 372 00:18:04,770 --> 00:18:08,280 we could do it well enough to trust the results. 373 00:18:08,280 --> 00:18:10,200 So we moved everything into the greenhouse. 374 00:18:10,200 --> 00:18:11,580 [Audience] Yes. I guess my question, 375 00:18:11,580 --> 00:18:14,160 which I didn't articulate clearly is, do you have a idea 376 00:18:14,160 --> 00:18:16,320 or guess of what percentage of the hydrology 377 00:18:16,320 --> 00:18:18,810 of the plants would be connected to those networks versus 378 00:18:18,810 --> 00:18:21,287 what you can determine in the box? 379 00:18:22,560 --> 00:18:24,570 [Matt] It's going to vary tremendously by 380 00:18:24,570 --> 00:18:25,533 species federal ship. 381 00:18:25,533 --> 00:18:26,850 [Audience] Yeah. 382 00:18:26,850 --> 00:18:29,760 [Matt] Yeah. The speeds that rely heavily, 383 00:18:29,760 --> 00:18:33,330 the tech to mycorrhizal fungi are gonna reach a lot farther 384 00:18:33,330 --> 00:18:36,480 and deeper than the vascular ones. 385 00:18:36,480 --> 00:18:37,313 Yeah.