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<v ->Alright folks, it's 12:50,</v>

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so we're gonna jump into the second half

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of our presentation today.

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So as Soren mentioned, you know,

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our geospatial products take a broader scale view

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and to some extent their limited...

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the extent to which we were able to assess

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the actual relationship between recreation

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and forest health was limited

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by a lack of on the ground data

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relating those two variables.

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And so with that in mind,

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it would be really great for folks,

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maybe some of the people who are on this call or others to

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start setting up monitoring programs and studies,

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looking at these interactions

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between recreation and forest health

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to further build out the data that do exist.

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And FEMC, to support that,

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spent part of the last couple of years

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doing an inventory of infield monitoring methods

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to assess how recreation affects

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many different variables related to forest health,

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and then creating an accompanying decision support tool

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to help folks choose a method if they are interested in

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in establishing a monitoring program.

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And Elissa Schuett, our Assistant Director here at FEMC

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is going to share more about that work.

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<v ->Okay, thank you.</v>

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And yeah, thanks to Soren for that very technical

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description of the geospatial layers that are, again,

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at a much more regional scale.

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And like Allison said, I'm going to talk about

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getting boots on the ground at a more local scale.

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And so just a brief outline of what I'll be talking about,

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is the scope of the project,

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some considerations to keep in mind

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when designing a monitoring program

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and then how we created our decision support tool

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and the methods that we looked at and considered in

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to include in it.

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And then a review of what it means for the methods

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that we included and how those can be used for detecting

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impacts of recreation.

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And so the scope of this project is really focused on

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providing recommendations to land managers

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to select methods to use in monitoring

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the impacts of recreation, which are specifically focused

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on non-winter trail-based activities.

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We just had to limit our scope, otherwise,

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it kind of ballooned too quickly.

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So then within this we had three areas of focus,

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which were soil, and the erosion and compaction,

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that may be caused by recreation.

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Invasive plants, including early detection and spread,

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and wildlife behaviors and habitat,

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and how they might be impacted by recreation.

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And then the products that are a result of this project

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is a report that is in the final stages of editing

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and will be released soon along with,

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as Allison mentioned, a decision support tool

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that will help people to walk through and look and explore

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what methods might be useful for their,

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to answer their questions and to achieve their goals.

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And some considerations that I want to mention

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for developing a monitoring program is to really identify

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what the purpose of the monitoring is.

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Is this to detect change over time?

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Excuse me, or to do more of an inventory

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for a point in time?

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So there are different methods and different approaches

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that might be used

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with those different considerations in mind.

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And then also to think about how the information

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will be used to make those decisions,

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and what types of data, how much data might be needed

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in order to appropriately answer those questions.

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Some other things that need to be considered

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in designing and implementing a monitoring program,

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is how much time do you have, what resources are available,

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what are the skills on your crew?

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And because those will all play into

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the method that you might choose, and also how much,

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how many plots you might be able to establish,

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or how frequently you might be able to get out there.

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And also sort of tied into this is

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thinking about how large of an area you want to cover,

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and how, you know, maybe dense the trail network is,

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or how many trail heads or high use areas might exist.

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So these are all sorts of things that

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should be considered when developing a program.

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And then also to keep in mind

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how you might use this for monitoring

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the impacts of recreation.

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And so many of these methods were not developed specifically

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for measuring impacts, but they can be modified.

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So for example, prior to a trail establishment,

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monitoring might be conducted

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to determine if a species of interest is present,

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or what the soil conditions are prior to a trail going in.

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And then that might help answer questions about

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developing that trail, and you can also then follow up

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and conduct additional monitoring

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after the trail is developed

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to be able to have a before and after analysis,

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and be able to really see what recreation does to

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the topic of interest.

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If you already have trails established,

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you might set up your plots for monitoring in two places,

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so set some up that are in proximity to the trail,

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and then also have some that are further away

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so that you can really see what recreation is doing

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for that question of interest.

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And then also really thinking about trailhead monitoring,

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that might be a useful location that's easy to access,

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and might also have the highest point of impact

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just due to the being more heavily used

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than some other areas.

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And so as we developed this tool,

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we started out by reviewing methods that were appropriate

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for northeastern forests.

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And some of the methods were not necessarily developed here,

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but could be applied and used in the same way,

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and in a way that was appropriate.

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We also really wanted to identify well-established

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and validated methods,

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and this is primarily so that they can be easily compared,

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because it just means that it's more widely used

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and so that same data might be available at more locations,

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and we can get a bigger picture for the region.

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There are many, many methods out there,

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and some of them are variations on another method.

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And so we really tried to review and refine what

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some just very specific methods might be used

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to develop a monitoring program.

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And we also wanted to keep in mind

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what land managers might need in terms of outputs.

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So for example, is presence/absence data going to be,

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provide the information that's needed,

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or does something more specific, more detailed,

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such as population data need to be included?

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And so sort of having some different options available

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for methods that might be useful.

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So then we pulled out the details of these methods

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and sort of reviewed what

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all of the different elements of a method,

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and categorized and organized

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so that we could then create this decision tree that

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can provide the methods that might be most useful

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under a given scenario.

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And to use the tool,

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not only can you identify a specific method to use,

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but it's also a great tool to just explore

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some of the different options that are available

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so that you can get a sense of what,

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how all might be similar or different,

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and really be able to help you refine

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and select options that meet your goals.

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And so like I said, we focused on three areas.

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And each of these,

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we broke down into several different methods.

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So for soil, we had five methods,

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invasive plants had seven methods that we included,

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and wildlife actually breaks down even further,

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because we have three different categories of wildlife

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with many methods available for each.

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And the support tool will help walk you through

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the different options and provide recommendations

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that are appropriate for your situation

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in each of these topics.

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And in general, and many of these options

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end up having sort of a simple option

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and a more complex option.

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And in general I would say that

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if you want to monitor change over time,

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or over a larger space,

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it's going to require more skills and resources,

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but you're going to also be provided

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with higher quality data

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that can be used with greater confidence

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in setting priorities and making management decisions

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on the land.

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Whereas the simpler point in time type methods

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are more appropriate to gain a sense of

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what needs to be studied,

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and help you identify what the next steps are

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to get more in depth information.

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So first I'll talk about soil.

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And so, when we are talking about soil

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and how recreation might be impacting it,

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we're thinking mostly about erosion and compaction.

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But there are also some secondary impacts

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that should be considered when thinking about soil.

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And those are, you know, loss of nutrients,

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sedimentation in waterways that

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where the sediment might run into,

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vegetation damage, opportunities for invasive plants to

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become established, and damage to sensitive habitats.

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And then when we're thinking about these different methods,

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like I said, there's some that are more rapid assessment,

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and some that are more quantitative in their approach.

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And so first we'll start

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and think about the rapid assessment methods.

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And in this scenario there are two condition

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class assessment and census of erosional events.

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Both of these methods

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require minimal training and resources,

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they involve walking the entire trail network.

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And one thing that is important to note

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is that they are subjective.

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So that may limit the ability

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to make actual management decisions,

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but again, it can provide a good starting point

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for a place to be investigated further.

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And so the condition class assessment is, you know,

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five classes are identified for soil erosion,

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and each of these classes, you know, so you walk the trail

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at a set interval determine what the class is

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for that location.

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And again, this is subjective, so different people might

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say something different along the trail.

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And then the census of erosional events

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is also just walking the trail network

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and marking any locations that are either actively eroding

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or have historically eroded, and noting those locations.

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But then if we want to think

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a little bit more quantitatively about these,

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and understanding what might be causing erosion to occur,

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or patterns of erosion,

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there are some more technical assessments,

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and they do require some specialized equipment and training,

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and so that's something to be aware of

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if you're thinking about selecting one of these methods.

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So the cross section area involves establishing a transect

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across the trail at sent intervals.

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This then...

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And with this you do need to

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actually put in stakes in the ground, or rebar or something,

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so that you can return to that same exact transect

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following a rain event or you know, once a year, whatever.

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And then just measuring the cross section area,

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and then you're able to calculate erosion and soil lost.

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So it can take time, and it does require some setup,

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but it does provide valuable information about your trail.

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The use of a penetrometer helps detect

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different limitations to infiltration and compaction.

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And again, this can be done at set points,

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at set intervals along the trail

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to see where soil is particularly compacted

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so that you can be aware for any reasons

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that infiltration may not be happening as appropriate.

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And then also a ring infiltrometer that

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helps you to detect locations where puddles may form,

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or erosion may occur.

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And so again, each of these quantitative measures

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can be used at specific locations,

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and so you might take your rapid assessment locations

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and select a number of locations from that to return to

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and do these more technical assessments,

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and you can repeat them over time to detect that change

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in erosion or in infiltration capability.

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And then moving on to invasive plants,

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again, sort of an early detection,

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and a change detection approach are available.

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And when we think about how recreation might be

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impacting and changing invasive plants,

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00:15:42.390 --> 00:15:46.830
we can really think about ways that they can be introduced

268
00:15:46.830 --> 00:15:50.100
to the area, and then once present

269
00:15:50.100 --> 00:15:53.190
may have the opportunity to become established and expand

270
00:15:53.190 --> 00:15:54.693
within the trail network.

271
00:15:56.070 --> 00:15:59.220
So trailheads are the most common point of introduction

272
00:15:59.220 --> 00:16:03.510
for invasive plants, and they most often arrive

273
00:16:03.510 --> 00:16:05.340
and become established at areas where

274
00:16:05.340 --> 00:16:08.790
there's a lot of soil disturbance, which might be,

275
00:16:08.790 --> 00:16:11.760
you know, which is at trailheads and parking areas

276
00:16:11.760 --> 00:16:12.810
and things like that.

277
00:16:14.160 --> 00:16:17.520
They can come in on hiking boots, car and bike tires,

278
00:16:17.520 --> 00:16:19.413
clothing and gear and dog fur.

279
00:16:20.280 --> 00:16:22.650
And then once present at a trailhead,

280
00:16:22.650 --> 00:16:25.110
there might be opportunities for them to encroach

281
00:16:25.110 --> 00:16:27.900
on the inner forest and become established.

282
00:16:27.900 --> 00:16:31.680
And this is especially true in high use areas.

283
00:16:31.680 --> 00:16:36.090
And as with soil monitoring, there are some simpler methods

284
00:16:36.090 --> 00:16:37.890
for invasive plant monitoring,

285
00:16:37.890 --> 00:16:39.540
and some that are more complex.

286
00:16:39.540 --> 00:16:41.520
And again, the simpler methods

287
00:16:41.520 --> 00:16:44.730
are going to provide an opportunity to

288
00:16:44.730 --> 00:16:48.070
simply determine if a species of concern is present

289
00:16:48.070 --> 00:16:52.620
as that early detection monitor marker.

290
00:16:52.620 --> 00:16:55.170
Whereas the more complex methods are going to focus on

291
00:16:55.170 --> 00:16:59.010
how the invasive plant population is changing,

292
00:16:59.010 --> 00:17:02.760
if it's growing and expanding into the inner forest,

293
00:17:02.760 --> 00:17:06.150
and along the trail, or if any management treatments

294
00:17:06.150 --> 00:17:08.283
are being effective in slowing the spread.

295
00:17:09.180 --> 00:17:13.053
So here is a brief review of some of those methods.

296
00:17:14.189 --> 00:17:19.189
So with the early detection type methods in particular,

297
00:17:19.800 --> 00:17:23.077
the most important thing is to know what to look for.

298
00:17:23.077 --> 00:17:26.910
You can't monitor for all invasive species.

299
00:17:26.910 --> 00:17:31.440
So having a few that you're keeping an eye out for

300
00:17:31.440 --> 00:17:35.083
is a great way to get started on this.

301
00:17:35.083 --> 00:17:37.290
And there are a few tools that are helpful

302
00:17:37.290 --> 00:17:40.860
in identifying some that might be of concern.

303
00:17:40.860 --> 00:17:43.980
And so here I've got Inhabit,

304
00:17:43.980 --> 00:17:46.710
which is from USGS and EDDMaps.

305
00:17:46.710 --> 00:17:51.710
And the Inhabit tool shows where habitat suitability is high

306
00:17:55.800 --> 00:18:00.023
and the EDDMaps show actual confirmed places

307
00:18:01.440 --> 00:18:04.380
where the plant exists.

308
00:18:04.380 --> 00:18:08.520
And both of these maps I have showing here are for

309
00:18:08.520 --> 00:18:12.360
Japanese Barberry just to kind of give a sense of what

310
00:18:12.360 --> 00:18:14.433
might be across our region.

311
00:18:15.840 --> 00:18:19.020
And so then once you know what plant

312
00:18:19.020 --> 00:18:20.580
you want to be on the lookout for,

313
00:18:20.580 --> 00:18:24.660
there are a number of methods that you might consider.

314
00:18:24.660 --> 00:18:27.420
One is the timed meander method,

315
00:18:27.420 --> 00:18:32.340
and this you might set up at a trailhead, and set up a plot,

316
00:18:32.340 --> 00:18:36.480
and then set a set amount of time.

317
00:18:36.480 --> 00:18:37.830
So you might say,

318
00:18:37.830 --> 00:18:40.110
I'm going to look in this plot for 30 minutes,

319
00:18:40.110 --> 00:18:41.580
and you'll spend 30 minutes

320
00:18:41.580 --> 00:18:45.270
looking for that specific plant of interest,

321
00:18:45.270 --> 00:18:47.523
and noting any time that you find it.

322
00:18:48.391 --> 00:18:51.900
And so, it's nice because it can have

323
00:18:51.900 --> 00:18:53.130
a constrained amount of time,

324
00:18:53.130 --> 00:18:55.680
you're saying how much time you have available

325
00:18:55.680 --> 00:19:00.680
to be looking for this, but you can miss things,

326
00:19:01.350 --> 00:19:06.350
especially rare plants because they're harder to find,

327
00:19:07.140 --> 00:19:09.720
or especially if there's a lot of dense understory,

328
00:19:09.720 --> 00:19:12.750
and it's hard to kind of get through the dense understory

329
00:19:12.750 --> 00:19:13.710
to find those.

330
00:19:13.710 --> 00:19:16.440
So there are some pros and cons to that.

331
00:19:16.440 --> 00:19:19.830
But again, for example, you could set it up at a trailhead,

332
00:19:19.830 --> 00:19:22.590
and then you could set a plot up

333
00:19:22.590 --> 00:19:24.983
further along in the trail network

334
00:19:24.983 --> 00:19:28.664
to determine if there's any spread

335
00:19:28.664 --> 00:19:33.664
of the plant into the trail and into your area.

336
00:19:36.090 --> 00:19:39.082
Invasive species early detection is

337
00:19:39.082 --> 00:19:42.690
sort of an opportunistic method approach,

338
00:19:42.690 --> 00:19:46.050
and this is where anytime that a crew,

339
00:19:47.880 --> 00:19:48.930
like a field crew is out,

340
00:19:48.930 --> 00:19:51.510
perhaps they're out doing trail maintenance,

341
00:19:51.510 --> 00:19:55.410
anytime that they stop at a parking area or whatever,

342
00:19:55.410 --> 00:19:58.740
they stop and look for that plant of concern.

343
00:19:58.740 --> 00:20:00.879
And they might not spend a lot of time on it,

344
00:20:00.879 --> 00:20:05.879
but they are tasked with looking every time that they stop

345
00:20:06.150 --> 00:20:08.970
to see if that location,

346
00:20:08.970 --> 00:20:11.460
or if any of the locations that they're going to

347
00:20:11.460 --> 00:20:14.310
have the plants of concern.

348
00:20:14.310 --> 00:20:18.570
And again, this might simply be an, you know,

349
00:20:18.570 --> 00:20:20.370
if they see it then you can go back

350
00:20:20.370 --> 00:20:23.153
and establish a more permanent thought,

351
00:20:23.153 --> 00:20:26.433
but it's a great early detection approach.

352
00:20:27.420 --> 00:20:32.010
And then the third is a tiered sampling approach,

353
00:20:32.010 --> 00:20:34.440
and this is a multi-stage method

354
00:20:34.440 --> 00:20:36.270
that I'm going to get into next,

355
00:20:36.270 --> 00:20:40.800
because now I'm going to talk about change detection.

356
00:20:40.800 --> 00:20:45.730
And again, this is where you might be able to see how

357
00:20:46.710 --> 00:20:50.310
a population is expanding, or a treatment is working

358
00:20:50.310 --> 00:20:51.543
across an area.

359
00:20:52.440 --> 00:20:55.410
And so these different methods

360
00:20:55.410 --> 00:20:57.273
are better at detecting change.

361
00:20:58.950 --> 00:21:01.650
Some of it is potentially because

362
00:21:01.650 --> 00:21:03.300
if you return to the site,

363
00:21:03.300 --> 00:21:04.950
you're going to be able to see change,

364
00:21:04.950 --> 00:21:08.550
but some of it is because they're set up across

365
00:21:08.550 --> 00:21:12.133
a gradient or a different area that you can see how

366
00:21:12.133 --> 00:21:15.630
the population is changing across a gradient.

367
00:21:15.630 --> 00:21:20.630
So the systematic sampling method uses non-random transect.

368
00:21:22.440 --> 00:21:25.650
So you set out a transect and you monitor,

369
00:21:25.650 --> 00:21:27.660
you set up plots and monitor,

370
00:21:27.660 --> 00:21:31.143
along each of them in a very systematic way.

371
00:21:32.880 --> 00:21:37.260
And then another method is

372
00:21:37.260 --> 00:21:39.783
a stratified random sampling method.

373
00:21:40.678 --> 00:21:44.970
Again, this image that I have is showing for salt marshes,

374
00:21:44.970 --> 00:21:48.930
which might not be appropriate for everybody here,

375
00:21:48.930 --> 00:21:53.677
but you can use the same idea that a transect is established

376
00:21:53.677 --> 00:21:58.677
across a gradient of different habitats or ecosystems.

377
00:21:59.250 --> 00:22:02.220
So maybe you set this up at a trailhead,

378
00:22:02.220 --> 00:22:06.140
and up as you go up a hill,

379
00:22:08.670 --> 00:22:13.616
or across a different ecosystem.

380
00:22:13.616 --> 00:22:18.616
And then along the transect use sample in random locations.

381
00:22:20.700 --> 00:22:24.150
And this is a really good method for detecting

382
00:22:24.150 --> 00:22:26.550
that change over different ecosystems

383
00:22:26.550 --> 00:22:27.843
and different habitats.

384
00:22:29.250 --> 00:22:34.250
The Modified Whitaker method requires establishing a thought

385
00:22:34.590 --> 00:22:39.590
and returning to it once a year, or every few years,

386
00:22:40.340 --> 00:22:44.910
but it has a very robust data output,

387
00:22:44.910 --> 00:22:48.734
and so if that is something that's really important

388
00:22:48.734 --> 00:22:53.054
that you need to be able to have a really strong

389
00:22:53.054 --> 00:22:57.180
statistical analysis, then this might be

390
00:22:57.180 --> 00:22:59.080
an approach that you're interested in.

391
00:23:02.040 --> 00:23:03.900
Adaptive monitoring.

392
00:23:03.900 --> 00:23:08.900
This is a method in which you select your location,

393
00:23:11.610 --> 00:23:16.610
and you go and you look and if you find the plant of concern

394
00:23:17.753 --> 00:23:22.620
in a given area, then you expand your search area,

395
00:23:22.620 --> 00:23:25.385
and you continue to expand and expand

396
00:23:25.385 --> 00:23:30.090
as you continue to find more plants.

397
00:23:30.090 --> 00:23:33.300
And so it can be very beneficial

398
00:23:33.300 --> 00:23:37.800
because you're able to see how far the plant might expand

399
00:23:37.800 --> 00:23:41.130
into the forest, but it can also take a lot of time

400
00:23:41.130 --> 00:23:43.650
if you do have a lot.

401
00:23:43.650 --> 00:23:47.283
So that's to really think about there.

402
00:23:48.720 --> 00:23:52.320
And then the tiered sampling that I previously mentioned

403
00:23:52.320 --> 00:23:56.496
in the early detection, this is one that's very good for

404
00:23:56.496 --> 00:23:59.763
very large areas and,

405
00:24:01.140 --> 00:24:06.140
because you take sort of a first tier approach where,

406
00:24:06.270 --> 00:24:08.400
you cover a very large area,

407
00:24:08.400 --> 00:24:12.690
and get any places where you think that there might be some

408
00:24:12.690 --> 00:24:15.330
plants present or where you know they are present,

409
00:24:15.330 --> 00:24:18.300
and then you focus and prioritize different areas,

410
00:24:18.300 --> 00:24:22.140
and then you focus further so that you're

411
00:24:22.140 --> 00:24:27.140
doing intensive sampling only at the very highest priority

412
00:24:27.900 --> 00:24:30.093
or top tier areas.

413
00:24:33.090 --> 00:24:38.090
And so with all of those monitoring methods

414
00:24:38.250 --> 00:24:39.993
in mind and available,

415
00:24:42.300 --> 00:24:45.630
I've kind of laid them out here just to give you an idea

416
00:24:45.630 --> 00:24:47.880
of what they all might look like.

417
00:24:47.880 --> 00:24:50.670
And you know, thinking about like if we want to

418
00:24:50.670 --> 00:24:52.650
just focus on a change detection,

419
00:24:52.650 --> 00:24:57.033
then these are the methods that we have available to us.

420
00:24:59.040 --> 00:25:00.840
I've also put together this table,

421
00:25:00.840 --> 00:25:05.303
and this shows really clearly

422
00:25:05.303 --> 00:25:08.430
some of the reasons that you might consider using

423
00:25:08.430 --> 00:25:11.460
one of the methods, and also the limitations or challenges

424
00:25:11.460 --> 00:25:14.670
that should be considered if you do select a method.

425
00:25:14.670 --> 00:25:19.670
And so, some of them, like I said, the Modified Whitaker,

426
00:25:20.880 --> 00:25:25.443
it allows for edge effect detection,

427
00:25:26.400 --> 00:25:31.400
and if you need to know how multiple scales are different,

428
00:25:31.641 --> 00:25:34.710
then it might be really interesting to use,

429
00:25:34.710 --> 00:25:38.100
but the effort and skill requirements are really high,

430
00:25:38.100 --> 00:25:40.743
and so that might be a limiting factor.

431
00:25:42.360 --> 00:25:47.360
And so this is all laid out like in the decision tool,

432
00:25:47.490 --> 00:25:51.900
you'll be able to see all of these sort of reasons to use

433
00:25:51.900 --> 00:25:56.463
and limitations as you're selecting among the choices.

434
00:25:59.310 --> 00:26:04.310
And then moving on to the impacts of recreation on wildlife,

435
00:26:04.860 --> 00:26:08.251
and some of this as Soren touched on

436
00:26:08.251 --> 00:26:13.251
with some of the buffers and layers,

437
00:26:14.213 --> 00:26:19.213
this is again on the ground, local scale considerations.

438
00:26:20.996 --> 00:26:24.060
And so thinking again

439
00:26:24.060 --> 00:26:27.469
about the impacts of recreation on birds.

440
00:26:27.469 --> 00:26:32.469
So there's actually conflicting data here, and it's unclear

441
00:26:34.170 --> 00:26:37.675
how much recreation might impact bird populations.

442
00:26:37.675 --> 00:26:40.123
Some of it might be very specific,

443
00:26:40.123 --> 00:26:45.123
and whether they are ground nesting birds,

444
00:26:45.390 --> 00:26:48.270
or canopy nesting birds, things like that.

445
00:26:48.270 --> 00:26:50.700
Also some of the conflict in the data

446
00:26:50.700 --> 00:26:53.760
has to do with the timing of when monitoring

447
00:26:53.760 --> 00:26:57.060
might be happening, which might be when

448
00:26:57.060 --> 00:27:01.890
birds are most active, compared to when hiking most,

449
00:27:01.890 --> 00:27:04.290
or biking might be most likely,

450
00:27:04.290 --> 00:27:06.660
which might be when birds are less active.

451
00:27:06.660 --> 00:27:08.670
So there's just sort of a little bit of a mismatch

452
00:27:08.670 --> 00:27:13.390
of the data which you know, really leads to

453
00:27:13.390 --> 00:27:17.130
why collecting more data and conducting some monitoring

454
00:27:17.130 --> 00:27:21.510
might be really valuable to better understand that,

455
00:27:21.510 --> 00:27:23.223
and share that with others.

456
00:27:24.840 --> 00:27:26.610
For mammals,

457
00:27:26.610 --> 00:27:29.970
again, this is also going to be very species specific,

458
00:27:29.970 --> 00:27:33.240
especially large mammals are going to be

459
00:27:33.240 --> 00:27:36.531
in general more disrupted than small mammals,

460
00:27:36.531 --> 00:27:40.278
partially because they're oftentimes more elusive.

461
00:27:40.278 --> 00:27:44.940
They might be, they have larger home ranges

462
00:27:44.940 --> 00:27:47.880
which are going to be more disrupted

463
00:27:47.880 --> 00:27:49.260
by habitat fragmentation

464
00:27:49.260 --> 00:27:52.129
due to the trails and road networks.

465
00:27:52.129 --> 00:27:57.129
And also different animals respond at different levels

466
00:28:00.810 --> 00:28:01.920
based on humans.

467
00:28:01.920 --> 00:28:05.940
And that was some of what Soren was showing for

468
00:28:05.940 --> 00:28:10.940
how close you have to be before an animal is disrupted,

469
00:28:11.340 --> 00:28:13.380
and that's the flight initiation distance,

470
00:28:13.380 --> 00:28:16.200
like when will they flee,

471
00:28:16.200 --> 00:28:18.333
depending on how close something is.

472
00:28:19.449 --> 00:28:24.449
And then with amphibians, there's very little data

473
00:28:25.020 --> 00:28:28.471
on how recreation might impact amphibians.

474
00:28:28.471 --> 00:28:33.471
The most likely disturbance is if a water source is impacted

475
00:28:33.480 --> 00:28:36.476
through fragmentation or sedimentation,

476
00:28:36.476 --> 00:28:41.476
or if there's road crossings that are blocking and breaking,

477
00:28:41.884 --> 00:28:43.923
fragmenting their habitat.

478
00:28:45.000 --> 00:28:49.003
But again, a great opportunity to learn a little bit more

479
00:28:49.003 --> 00:28:51.033
by establishing a monitoring program.

480
00:28:53.825 --> 00:28:58.658
And so again, same with, I'm just kind of repeating how,

481
00:28:58.658 --> 00:29:01.710
with the soil and with the invasive plants,

482
00:29:01.710 --> 00:29:03.690
same with the wildlife,

483
00:29:03.690 --> 00:29:06.360
there's an opportunity for a point in time assessment

484
00:29:06.360 --> 00:29:07.980
to provide a snapshot.

485
00:29:07.980 --> 00:29:10.410
This is largely going to provide you with

486
00:29:10.410 --> 00:29:13.123
presence/absence type data,

487
00:29:13.123 --> 00:29:16.170
or compared to a repeated assessment,

488
00:29:16.170 --> 00:29:18.270
which is going to give you a better sense of

489
00:29:18.270 --> 00:29:19.560
change over time,

490
00:29:19.560 --> 00:29:23.648
and how recreation might actually be having an impact on

491
00:29:23.648 --> 00:29:25.203
the wildlife.

492
00:29:26.949 --> 00:29:31.949
And so, some of the sort of breakdown of the different

493
00:29:33.450 --> 00:29:36.360
methods that are available for monitoring wildlife,

494
00:29:36.360 --> 00:29:39.390
some are much more observation based,

495
00:29:39.390 --> 00:29:42.629
and this can provide really useful information

496
00:29:42.629 --> 00:29:46.200
without requiring handling of the animals.

497
00:29:46.200 --> 00:29:50.830
Many of the methods exist that provide this information

498
00:29:52.020 --> 00:29:54.660
that can be really useful and valuable.

499
00:29:54.660 --> 00:29:58.260
However, observation monitoring won't provide you

500
00:29:58.260 --> 00:30:02.310
with detailed information about an individual,

501
00:30:02.310 --> 00:30:05.135
or about behavior, or genetics.

502
00:30:05.135 --> 00:30:09.714
Those have to be done with the methods that are used for,

503
00:30:09.714 --> 00:30:13.233
that require handling the animals.

504
00:30:14.400 --> 00:30:17.430
And then when you're handling animals,

505
00:30:17.430 --> 00:30:20.160
there are other limitations,

506
00:30:20.160 --> 00:30:23.550
it's going to require far more skills and resources,

507
00:30:23.550 --> 00:30:27.240
as well as proper training and permits

508
00:30:27.240 --> 00:30:31.020
in order to appropriately handle those animals.

509
00:30:31.020 --> 00:30:33.720
So just some considerations when thinking about

510
00:30:33.720 --> 00:30:35.103
monitoring wildlife.

511
00:30:37.980 --> 00:30:42.980
And so this is an example of the tool itself,

512
00:30:43.530 --> 00:30:45.630
showing if you're going to select,

513
00:30:45.630 --> 00:30:48.201
if you want to monitor for birds,

514
00:30:48.201 --> 00:30:52.560
and you can select that you want to know

515
00:30:52.560 --> 00:30:56.970
about the relative abundance and the population trend data,

516
00:30:56.970 --> 00:30:59.520
and that you want to compare these trends

517
00:30:59.520 --> 00:31:01.800
at some specific locations,

518
00:31:01.800 --> 00:31:04.620
and you have enough resources to observe,

519
00:31:04.620 --> 00:31:08.144
so those are the three items that are checked

520
00:31:08.144 --> 00:31:09.813
on this selection.

521
00:31:11.280 --> 00:31:16.280
And so then the method that become that,

522
00:31:18.870 --> 00:31:21.000
is then available and recommended

523
00:31:21.000 --> 00:31:25.098
is a point count double observer method.

524
00:31:25.098 --> 00:31:28.590
And again, like I said, this shows a description

525
00:31:28.590 --> 00:31:33.590
of the method, how to adapt it for recreation data output,

526
00:31:35.880 --> 00:31:40.050
so this would provide you with species in an area,

527
00:31:40.050 --> 00:31:42.818
can give you some distribution and relative abundance,

528
00:31:42.818 --> 00:31:45.000
trends in the population size,

529
00:31:45.000 --> 00:31:48.180
so there's different data outputs that are available

530
00:31:48.180 --> 00:31:49.800
by conducting this method.

531
00:31:49.800 --> 00:31:53.640
But there are some limitations that might be

532
00:31:53.640 --> 00:31:58.170
related to the observer ability, or habitat characteristics.

533
00:31:58.170 --> 00:32:02.763
So these are some of the details that are available.

534
00:32:05.760 --> 00:32:08.410
And then with monitoring mammals,

535
00:32:08.410 --> 00:32:12.480
so again a little bit about the handling mammals,

536
00:32:12.480 --> 00:32:16.740
you can set out a small mammal trap array,

537
00:32:16.740 --> 00:32:18.960
but as an alternative you might be able

538
00:32:18.960 --> 00:32:21.300
to set out track pads to capture

539
00:32:21.300 --> 00:32:24.900
information about what animals are visiting a site.

540
00:32:24.900 --> 00:32:27.210
Similar with medium and large mammals.

541
00:32:27.210 --> 00:32:30.843
Oops, sorry, that they are,

542
00:32:31.770 --> 00:32:36.150
can be detected with some track pads or game cameras.

543
00:32:36.150 --> 00:32:39.543
You can use a hair snare or some scat.

544
00:32:40.409 --> 00:32:44.350
And again many of these are observational methods,

545
00:32:44.350 --> 00:32:48.030
because especially with medium and large mammals,

546
00:32:48.030 --> 00:32:49.950
handling them is going to require

547
00:32:49.950 --> 00:32:54.303
a lot more training and permits.

548
00:32:56.340 --> 00:33:00.541
And then with monitoring for amphibians and reptiles,

549
00:33:00.541 --> 00:33:03.120
things like a cover board array,

550
00:33:03.120 --> 00:33:05.749
or drift fences can be set up to

551
00:33:05.749 --> 00:33:09.390
as a catch and release approach,

552
00:33:09.390 --> 00:33:10.740
a visual encounter survey,

553
00:33:10.740 --> 00:33:13.470
in which you just kind of walk an area

554
00:33:13.470 --> 00:33:16.800
and slip over rocks and logs,

555
00:33:16.800 --> 00:33:19.713
which I tend to do with my kids anyway.

556
00:33:19.713 --> 00:33:24.090
And you know, so being able to kind of see

557
00:33:24.090 --> 00:33:28.980
the amphibians and reptiles that are in an area.

558
00:33:28.980 --> 00:33:31.146
And then there's also use of acoustic

559
00:33:31.146 --> 00:33:34.110
for frog calls and stuff like that,

560
00:33:34.110 --> 00:33:39.110
which is a great non, very non-obstructive approach,

561
00:33:41.670 --> 00:33:43.620
but does similar with the game cameras,

562
00:33:43.620 --> 00:33:46.290
provides a lot of data that then has to be analyzed

563
00:33:46.290 --> 00:33:47.340
and filtered through.

564
00:33:49.770 --> 00:33:54.770
And so with all of these, I do want to highlight the idea

565
00:33:56.040 --> 00:33:57.930
and use of volunteer programs,

566
00:33:57.930 --> 00:34:01.560
because they can provide a lot of really valuable data

567
00:34:01.560 --> 00:34:05.378
about about wildlife, but also maybe invasive plants.

568
00:34:05.378 --> 00:34:10.378
And you know, some of these programs may not provide data

569
00:34:11.100 --> 00:34:12.870
that can be used in decision making,

570
00:34:12.870 --> 00:34:14.836
but they might be able to provide data

571
00:34:14.836 --> 00:34:17.370
that's important to help guide the development

572
00:34:17.370 --> 00:34:19.341
of a monitoring program.

573
00:34:19.341 --> 00:34:23.400
And so you might set a board at the trailhead

574
00:34:23.400 --> 00:34:25.319
for people to record wildlife sightings

575
00:34:25.319 --> 00:34:29.340
so that you can get some basic information about what

576
00:34:29.340 --> 00:34:31.085
animals are present,

577
00:34:31.085 --> 00:34:35.250
and you might be missing animals present there in that,

578
00:34:35.250 --> 00:34:39.340
but you can again, get a starting point.

579
00:34:39.340 --> 00:34:43.890
Other, you might establish a more in-depth program,

580
00:34:43.890 --> 00:34:46.314
like organizing a bird count on the property

581
00:34:46.314 --> 00:34:51.314
to be able to bring people out and help monitor for birds.

582
00:34:53.040 --> 00:34:56.400
So there's a number of ways that you might be able to

583
00:34:56.400 --> 00:35:01.200
incorporate community science into some valuable data

584
00:35:01.200 --> 00:35:04.240
for monitoring how recreation is impacting

585
00:35:06.000 --> 00:35:07.893
these different areas.

586
00:35:09.000 --> 00:35:13.695
And then, finally just sort of what to do next.

587
00:35:13.695 --> 00:35:17.895
So if you are thinking about how you might

588
00:35:17.895 --> 00:35:22.895
monitor on your property, first set out an objective

589
00:35:23.730 --> 00:35:26.880
that you really want to have a plan

590
00:35:26.880 --> 00:35:28.950
for what you're going to be,

591
00:35:28.950 --> 00:35:31.470
what questions you're going to be answering.

592
00:35:31.470 --> 00:35:33.300
Select the monitoring method,

593
00:35:33.300 --> 00:35:36.810
and how you're going to design and implement that program.

594
00:35:36.810 --> 00:35:39.360
And then we're always going to promote the opportunity

595
00:35:39.360 --> 00:35:42.090
to share your data in our archive.

596
00:35:42.090 --> 00:35:44.040
And we also want to say that

597
00:35:44.040 --> 00:35:47.670
we're happy to consider other methods to include,

598
00:35:47.670 --> 00:35:49.557
and so if you have any recommendations

599
00:35:49.557 --> 00:35:53.733
for things that might be useful, please let us know.

600
00:35:55.620 --> 00:36:00.620
And really wonderful team of people working on this project,

601
00:36:01.410 --> 00:36:04.650
both FEMC, and then also we had a lot of

602
00:36:04.650 --> 00:36:07.560
external working groups and experts that were

603
00:36:07.560 --> 00:36:11.550
interviewed and provided input into this.

604
00:36:11.550 --> 00:36:16.550
And then I will share my own recreation image to say that

605
00:36:19.860 --> 00:36:21.333
I will accept questions.

606
00:36:23.610 --> 00:36:26.400
<v ->Great, thanks Elissa.</v>

607
00:36:26.400 --> 00:36:27.233
We have just a few minutes Elis,

608
00:36:27.233 --> 00:36:29.400
I know this officially wraps up at 1:30,

609
00:36:29.400 --> 00:36:31.710
but we're happy to take any questions,

610
00:36:31.710 --> 00:36:33.594
we'll answer the ones that we can and then,

611
00:36:33.594 --> 00:36:36.630
happy to follow up with folks over email

612
00:36:36.630 --> 00:36:38.930
about questions that we aren't able to answer.

613
00:36:46.710 --> 00:36:48.680
And again, if you have a question you can put it in the Q&amp;A,

614
00:36:48.680 --> 00:36:51.663
or in the chat, or raise your hand, I'll see any of those.

615
00:37:15.000 --> 00:37:17.070
All right, well I think if there are no questions,

616
00:37:17.070 --> 00:37:20.081
oh there we go, we do have one.

617
00:37:20.081 --> 00:37:21.480
Bradford, go ahead.

618
00:37:21.480 --> 00:37:24.510
<v Bradford>Yeah, real quick one acoustic monitoring,</v>

619
00:37:24.510 --> 00:37:26.683
that would work with birds as well, maybe.

620
00:37:26.683 --> 00:37:30.450
Like say at a patch cut to see, you know,

621
00:37:30.450 --> 00:37:32.790
a patch cut in an interior forest,

622
00:37:32.790 --> 00:37:35.793
get an idea of the mix of birds that hang out in each.

623
00:37:37.740 --> 00:37:39.930
<v ->Yeah, yeah, that's a great.</v>

624
00:37:39.930 --> 00:37:41.515
<v Bradford>Yeah.</v>
<v ->Great point.</v>

625
00:37:41.515 --> 00:37:44.314
<v ->Yeah, super, good presentation, thank you.</v>

626
00:37:44.314 --> 00:37:45.314
<v ->Thank you.</v>

627
00:37:46.260 --> 00:37:48.510
<v ->Elissa, there's a question in the chat,</v>

628
00:37:48.510 --> 00:37:50.640
can you speak more about using camera traps

629
00:37:50.640 --> 00:37:53.700
for wildlife monitoring and how long are most studies

630
00:37:53.700 --> 00:37:55.753
if you know?

631
00:37:55.753 --> 00:37:58.470
<v ->I don't know, but it might,</v>

632
00:37:58.470 --> 00:38:00.900
that information might be available

633
00:38:00.900 --> 00:38:03.570
in some of the literature that I reviewed,

634
00:38:03.570 --> 00:38:07.410
and so I can either point you to that literature

635
00:38:07.410 --> 00:38:09.303
or look it up myself.

636
00:38:21.480 --> 00:38:24.240
<v ->All right, if there aren't any other questions,</v>

637
00:38:24.240 --> 00:38:27.390
then we'll wrap up actually right on time.

638
00:38:27.390 --> 00:38:29.280
And thank you everybody for coming,

639
00:38:29.280 --> 00:38:31.380
and the recording of this will also be available.

640
00:38:31.380 --> 00:38:34.969
Elissa, how will people be able to access the recording?

641
00:38:34.969 --> 00:38:39.544
<v ->Anyone who registered for the webinar,</v>

642
00:38:39.544 --> 00:38:43.200
I think will receive a link to it once it's ready,

643
00:38:43.200 --> 00:38:45.780
which should be relatively quick,

644
00:38:45.780 --> 00:38:48.030
it comes through pretty quickly.

645
00:38:48.030 --> 00:38:50.733
And then we'll also make it available on our website.

646
00:38:51.840 --> 00:38:52.673
<v ->Great.</v>

647
00:38:52.673 --> 00:38:54.930
And as I said at the beginning, this was approved

648
00:38:54.930 --> 00:38:58.560
for 1.5 SAFCE credits,

649
00:38:58.560 --> 00:39:01.230
so we'll be sending the attendee list over to them,

650
00:39:01.230 --> 00:39:02.220
you don't have to do anything else,

651
00:39:02.220 --> 00:39:03.120
if you want those credits,

652
00:39:03.120 --> 00:39:04.380
you should just be able to get them

653
00:39:04.380 --> 00:39:06.030
if you have an account with them.

654
00:39:06.030 --> 00:39:07.350
And I think that's all.

655
00:39:07.350 --> 00:39:09.150
Thank you everybody, have a great rest of your day,

656
00:39:09.150 --> 00:39:11.340
and a nice rest of your week.

657
00:39:11.340 --> 00:39:12.173
<v ->Thank you.</v>

658
00:39:13.980 --> 00:39:14.813
<v ->Thank you.</v>