1 00:00:06,906 --> 00:00:08,740 - Hello and welcome 2 00:00:08,740 --> 00:00:10,830 to Episode 27 3 00:00:11,710 --> 00:00:13,623 in HDFS 060. 4 00:00:14,600 --> 00:00:19,303 This episode we're calling families and macrosystems. 5 00:00:20,740 --> 00:00:22,210 We're going to continue talking 6 00:00:22,210 --> 00:00:26,120 about the diverse experiences that families have 7 00:00:26,120 --> 00:00:28,073 and how they adapt to them. 8 00:00:28,920 --> 00:00:32,370 And today we're going to focus on changes, 9 00:00:32,370 --> 00:00:34,050 particularly in the macrosystem. 10 00:00:34,050 --> 00:00:37,460 When people's experience includes 11 00:00:38,389 --> 00:00:39,573 a changing macrosystem. 12 00:00:40,730 --> 00:00:43,900 And we're going to look at two types of changes. 13 00:00:43,900 --> 00:00:48,150 One is when the macrosystem itself changes; 14 00:00:48,150 --> 00:00:50,730 people are staying in the same place 15 00:00:50,730 --> 00:00:52,800 but the culture changes. 16 00:00:52,800 --> 00:00:56,270 And we'll look at a variety of reasons why that happens. 17 00:00:56,270 --> 00:00:59,470 And the second is when people move 18 00:00:59,470 --> 00:01:02,190 to a different macrosystem. 19 00:01:02,190 --> 00:01:04,130 Both involve adaptations 20 00:01:04,130 --> 00:01:07,533 to a changing or changed different culture. 21 00:01:10,652 --> 00:01:12,370 And change, as we know, 22 00:01:12,370 --> 00:01:16,443 always requires adaptation. 23 00:01:18,073 --> 00:01:19,790 So, let's start 24 00:01:21,358 --> 00:01:24,223 with the PowerPoint there, 25 00:01:25,070 --> 00:01:26,130 and I'll try 26 00:01:28,034 --> 00:01:30,910 to stay a little bit off screen 27 00:01:31,890 --> 00:01:33,310 so that I won't interfere. 28 00:01:33,310 --> 00:01:37,120 And I may disappear myself entirely. 29 00:01:37,120 --> 00:01:38,980 But my voice will still be here 30 00:01:38,980 --> 00:01:40,660 so don't worry about me, 31 00:01:40,660 --> 00:01:41,783 I will come back. 32 00:01:47,653 --> 00:01:49,347 And it would help 33 00:01:52,992 --> 00:01:55,492 if my PowerPoint would change. 34 00:01:59,445 --> 00:02:01,695 (mumbling) 35 00:02:08,070 --> 00:02:09,800 What have we done 36 00:02:11,580 --> 00:02:13,293 to my PowerPoint? 37 00:02:20,952 --> 00:02:21,902 Let's go, this one. 38 00:02:23,150 --> 00:02:24,853 There, okay. 39 00:02:26,640 --> 00:02:28,720 All right, so we're talking 40 00:02:28,720 --> 00:02:31,840 about ecological change in general 41 00:02:31,840 --> 00:02:35,450 and we remember that change in the ecosystem 42 00:02:35,450 --> 00:02:40,450 always requires adaptation by individuals and by families. 43 00:02:41,240 --> 00:02:43,070 We also know that adaptation 44 00:02:43,070 --> 00:02:46,080 is always at least a little bit stressful 45 00:02:46,080 --> 00:02:48,770 yet in the process of adaptation 46 00:02:48,770 --> 00:02:51,730 people are often learning something 47 00:02:51,730 --> 00:02:55,850 and changing their understanding and extending it. 48 00:02:55,850 --> 00:03:00,850 So, a change in the ecosystem often fosters development. 49 00:03:03,870 --> 00:03:08,210 Small changes, we know, are less trustful than big ones. 50 00:03:08,210 --> 00:03:11,423 Slow changes are less stressful than quick ones. 51 00:03:13,270 --> 00:03:15,160 And you may recall 52 00:03:15,160 --> 00:03:19,320 that in the text I used the term adaptational overload. 53 00:03:19,320 --> 00:03:23,540 When changes come along too quickly for people to adapt to 54 00:03:24,440 --> 00:03:27,510 so they're constantly adapting and they're never getting 55 00:03:27,510 --> 00:03:30,700 the opportunity to settle in and take advantage 56 00:03:30,700 --> 00:03:34,500 of the adaptations that they've made 57 00:03:34,500 --> 00:03:37,720 to help them be comfortable 58 00:03:37,720 --> 00:03:41,480 and learn about the changed ecosystem 59 00:03:42,830 --> 00:03:44,480 that has been stressful for them. 60 00:03:46,627 --> 00:03:49,930 So, we also know that changes 61 00:03:49,930 --> 00:03:54,600 in the larger ecosystem come in many different forms. 62 00:03:54,600 --> 00:03:59,330 There are certainly minor changes in the physical ecosystem, 63 00:03:59,330 --> 00:04:01,880 that's everything that surrounds you, 64 00:04:01,880 --> 00:04:03,823 and we adapt to it. 65 00:04:06,160 --> 00:04:08,594 We're used to adapting 66 00:04:08,594 --> 00:04:11,400 to physical ecosystem changes 67 00:04:11,400 --> 00:04:15,920 when we go from one season to another in New England 68 00:04:15,920 --> 00:04:18,740 or when we experience a drought 69 00:04:18,740 --> 00:04:20,920 or when the weather turns cold 70 00:04:20,920 --> 00:04:25,470 or when we put an addition on our house, 71 00:04:25,470 --> 00:04:26,593 the little changes. 72 00:04:28,220 --> 00:04:31,850 We also know that there's social change over time 73 00:04:32,830 --> 00:04:36,620 and we know that the ecosystem may change 74 00:04:36,620 --> 00:04:38,490 because relationships change, 75 00:04:38,490 --> 00:04:40,993 families change, politics change, 76 00:04:42,100 --> 00:04:43,923 people's values change. 77 00:04:44,890 --> 00:04:46,870 We know that people adapt 78 00:04:46,870 --> 00:04:50,550 and we know that people at different stages in the lifespan 79 00:04:50,550 --> 00:04:53,060 may adapt differently. 80 00:04:53,060 --> 00:04:58,060 So children may adapt more quickly than elders. 81 00:04:59,425 --> 00:05:02,430 People may not be able to adapt 82 00:05:03,975 --> 00:05:06,610 as well as others 83 00:05:06,610 --> 00:05:09,140 and we know that teenagers 84 00:05:09,140 --> 00:05:11,923 are likely to pick up any new thing that comes along. 85 00:05:13,860 --> 00:05:16,770 The more changes that happen 86 00:05:16,770 --> 00:05:18,180 in an ecosystem 87 00:05:18,180 --> 00:05:20,170 and the more rapidly they change 88 00:05:20,170 --> 00:05:24,073 the more difficulty people have in adapting. 89 00:05:27,540 --> 00:05:32,240 Okay, so let's look at what happens 90 00:05:38,584 --> 00:05:41,001 when the macrosystem changes. 91 00:05:41,880 --> 00:05:46,860 We've been talking about briefly changes 92 00:05:46,860 --> 00:05:50,670 in the ecosystem in general 93 00:05:50,670 --> 00:05:55,360 but the macrosystem is a special part of the ecosystem. 94 00:05:55,360 --> 00:05:57,823 Remember it represents the culture. 95 00:06:00,664 --> 00:06:05,664 And cultural change is fairly likely over time 96 00:06:05,730 --> 00:06:06,850 in some cultures. 97 00:06:06,850 --> 00:06:09,943 Some cultures change rapidly and frequently. 98 00:06:11,420 --> 00:06:14,960 Changes happen because historical events happen, 99 00:06:14,960 --> 00:06:18,710 because of changes in... 100 00:06:18,710 --> 00:06:20,810 Well, we'll look at a whole bunch of them. 101 00:06:22,810 --> 00:06:27,810 Technology often drives cultural change, macrosystem change. 102 00:06:28,020 --> 00:06:33,020 We've watched that over the last century and more. 103 00:06:34,140 --> 00:06:36,170 The railroad changed our culture. 104 00:06:36,170 --> 00:06:39,530 Refrigeration has changed our culture. 105 00:06:39,530 --> 00:06:44,453 Communication technology has changed, central heat. 106 00:06:45,410 --> 00:06:48,160 Those are all changes in the ecosystem 107 00:06:48,160 --> 00:06:51,340 that represent macrosystem changes. 108 00:06:51,340 --> 00:06:53,620 We expect people to be different 109 00:06:53,620 --> 00:06:56,110 now that they have technology. 110 00:06:56,110 --> 00:06:57,783 We expect them to use it. 111 00:06:59,060 --> 00:07:02,700 Sometimes a culture changes because it's discovered 112 00:07:02,700 --> 00:07:05,060 by people from other cultures. 113 00:07:05,060 --> 00:07:06,220 We call that tourism. 114 00:07:06,220 --> 00:07:08,180 People want to come and visit. 115 00:07:08,180 --> 00:07:13,180 So you can have an agrarian, very stable society 116 00:07:14,300 --> 00:07:17,690 that is discovered to be beautiful with a nice climate 117 00:07:17,690 --> 00:07:21,330 and interesting local arts and crafts 118 00:07:21,330 --> 00:07:23,760 and tourists will start to come. 119 00:07:23,760 --> 00:07:27,690 And that changes the ecology of the community 120 00:07:27,690 --> 00:07:31,190 and it changes potentially the macrosystem. 121 00:07:31,190 --> 00:07:32,850 People from other cultures come, 122 00:07:32,850 --> 00:07:34,483 they want to be entertained, 123 00:07:35,420 --> 00:07:37,970 they want to bring their money 124 00:07:38,940 --> 00:07:43,740 and they bring their culture with them, 125 00:07:43,740 --> 00:07:47,790 their language, their habits, their customs, 126 00:07:47,790 --> 00:07:49,450 the way they dress. 127 00:07:49,450 --> 00:07:53,980 And they're likely to leave some of that culture behind 128 00:07:53,980 --> 00:07:57,190 which creates a macrosystem change 129 00:07:57,190 --> 00:08:00,173 in the new tourist site. 130 00:08:01,410 --> 00:08:05,350 Economic development often follows technology, 131 00:08:05,350 --> 00:08:07,520 cultural change, tourism, 132 00:08:07,520 --> 00:08:11,120 and the economic development can be up or down. 133 00:08:11,120 --> 00:08:13,868 The economy can improve. 134 00:08:13,868 --> 00:08:18,543 More people come, more people have ways of making money, 135 00:08:19,930 --> 00:08:23,630 more resources, crops develop better, 136 00:08:23,630 --> 00:08:24,970 they open new land 137 00:08:26,210 --> 00:08:28,740 and people have more resources 138 00:08:28,740 --> 00:08:30,640 or the economy can go down. 139 00:08:30,640 --> 00:08:33,230 It can enter a recession, people can lose. 140 00:08:33,230 --> 00:08:36,260 You can have drought, you can have crop failure, 141 00:08:36,260 --> 00:08:40,550 you can have hail storms, you could have insects. 142 00:08:40,550 --> 00:08:44,470 And all of those, as they change the economy, 143 00:08:44,470 --> 00:08:47,030 are likely to change the macrosystem. 144 00:08:47,030 --> 00:08:50,250 What people can do, the way they do things 145 00:08:50,250 --> 00:08:54,110 and the values they place on those. 146 00:08:54,110 --> 00:08:56,760 Climate change faces us now. 147 00:08:56,760 --> 00:09:00,270 That's going to create macrosystem changes. 148 00:09:00,270 --> 00:09:04,110 It's also going to require some people to leave 149 00:09:04,110 --> 00:09:05,720 the macrosystem they're in 150 00:09:05,720 --> 00:09:08,340 because it's going to be underwater 151 00:09:08,340 --> 00:09:10,990 and they're going to have to find new ways of living. 152 00:09:11,980 --> 00:09:14,090 We have natural disasters; 153 00:09:14,090 --> 00:09:16,790 droughts, floods, famines 154 00:09:16,790 --> 00:09:18,840 that people have to adapt to 155 00:09:18,840 --> 00:09:23,840 and it may change the macrosystem as they adapt. 156 00:09:24,450 --> 00:09:29,450 Urbanization; when people begin to move into cities 157 00:09:30,120 --> 00:09:33,410 they change their lifestyle from rural to urban. 158 00:09:33,410 --> 00:09:35,810 Those are different macrosystems. 159 00:09:35,810 --> 00:09:36,950 They have different ways 160 00:09:36,950 --> 00:09:40,230 of doing things, different households, 161 00:09:40,230 --> 00:09:43,020 different opportunities, different employment 162 00:09:43,020 --> 00:09:45,480 and different expectations of each other. 163 00:09:45,480 --> 00:09:47,940 Their relationships change. 164 00:09:47,940 --> 00:09:52,940 Urbanization is often a major problem 165 00:09:53,270 --> 00:09:55,320 as it changes macrosystems. 166 00:09:55,320 --> 00:09:59,870 And we've seen what happens with crime, for example, 167 00:09:59,870 --> 00:10:04,400 or drug abuse when people are crowded together. 168 00:10:04,400 --> 00:10:06,293 Family violence, things like that. 169 00:10:07,490 --> 00:10:09,900 Another form of macrosystem change comes 170 00:10:09,900 --> 00:10:12,410 when people experience wars 171 00:10:12,410 --> 00:10:15,823 or revolutions, macrosystem clash. 172 00:10:17,690 --> 00:10:20,120 Different people have different ways of doing things, 173 00:10:20,120 --> 00:10:22,390 they represent different cultures 174 00:10:22,390 --> 00:10:24,570 and they decide they don't like each other 175 00:10:24,570 --> 00:10:29,040 or they don't like one particular macrosystem, 176 00:10:29,040 --> 00:10:32,020 the people who follow that macrosystem. 177 00:10:32,020 --> 00:10:34,920 So we have revolutions, we have invasions, 178 00:10:34,920 --> 00:10:37,950 we have wars, civil wars, 179 00:10:37,950 --> 00:10:41,820 and those sometimes lead to genocide; 180 00:10:41,820 --> 00:10:44,900 people trying to wipe out people who represent 181 00:10:44,900 --> 00:10:47,270 a particular macrosystem, 182 00:10:47,270 --> 00:10:52,270 pogroms, religious macrosystems 183 00:10:52,440 --> 00:10:56,350 that are subject to violence. 184 00:10:56,350 --> 00:10:59,490 People trying to drive them out 185 00:10:59,490 --> 00:11:03,340 and often killing them 186 00:11:03,340 --> 00:11:07,730 and trying to destroy that particular macrosystem, 187 00:11:07,730 --> 00:11:08,983 destroy the culture. 188 00:11:10,750 --> 00:11:12,870 Adaptation is required 189 00:11:12,870 --> 00:11:15,700 no matter what kind of macrosystem change 190 00:11:15,700 --> 00:11:18,180 is happening, of course. 191 00:11:18,180 --> 00:11:19,403 And it's important, 192 00:11:20,652 --> 00:11:23,830 as we look at families, 193 00:11:23,830 --> 00:11:26,790 to remember that no matter what is happening 194 00:11:26,790 --> 00:11:28,413 in any macrosystem, 195 00:11:29,410 --> 00:11:31,590 whether that macrosystem is changing 196 00:11:31,590 --> 00:11:33,890 or whether people are moving 197 00:11:33,890 --> 00:11:36,640 from one macrosystem to another, 198 00:11:36,640 --> 00:11:39,630 people are going to continue to be people 199 00:11:39,630 --> 00:11:42,950 and they're going to continue to form relationships, 200 00:11:42,950 --> 00:11:44,300 they're going to have children, 201 00:11:44,300 --> 00:11:46,880 they're going to try to parent those children. 202 00:11:46,880 --> 00:11:50,020 They're going to create microsystems. 203 00:11:50,020 --> 00:11:52,380 They're going to make homes. 204 00:11:52,380 --> 00:11:53,730 And that's going to happen. 205 00:11:54,900 --> 00:11:57,920 And in the process of happening, 206 00:11:57,920 --> 00:12:02,050 those activities may reflect 207 00:12:02,050 --> 00:12:05,110 the adaptations people have to make 208 00:12:05,110 --> 00:12:08,160 to the new ecosystem and macrosystem 209 00:12:08,160 --> 00:12:10,510 that they're experiencing. 210 00:12:10,510 --> 00:12:14,990 And they will, in the process of creating their families 211 00:12:14,990 --> 00:12:16,750 and raising their families 212 00:12:16,750 --> 00:12:19,620 and dealing with all the things that happen in life, 213 00:12:19,620 --> 00:12:21,320 they will be contributing 214 00:12:22,250 --> 00:12:26,853 to the development of the new macrosystem. 215 00:12:28,588 --> 00:12:31,040 So, we say that people are transacting 216 00:12:32,340 --> 00:12:35,220 as a two-way interaction 217 00:12:35,220 --> 00:12:39,160 between the ecosystem and the person. 218 00:12:39,160 --> 00:12:41,170 So the people are changing 219 00:12:41,170 --> 00:12:44,053 and in the process they're changing the ecosystem. 220 00:12:45,280 --> 00:12:46,933 And so it's going both ways. 221 00:12:52,812 --> 00:12:56,275 Now, we talked the last few minutes 222 00:12:56,275 --> 00:13:00,090 about the changes that happen in macrosystems 223 00:13:04,990 --> 00:13:07,893 and let's take an intermediate step. 224 00:13:09,840 --> 00:13:13,220 So, we're going to go toward relocation 225 00:13:13,220 --> 00:13:15,363 from one macrosystem to another, 226 00:13:18,149 --> 00:13:22,187 but sometimes the macrosystem changes 227 00:13:23,443 --> 00:13:28,190 because we relocate within our ecosystem. 228 00:13:28,190 --> 00:13:30,770 Everything I've said so far assumes 229 00:13:30,770 --> 00:13:32,640 that people are going to be continuing 230 00:13:32,640 --> 00:13:35,830 to live in the same place. 231 00:13:35,830 --> 00:13:38,073 The macrosystem is going to change. 232 00:13:40,370 --> 00:13:43,580 But sometimes people are going 233 00:13:43,580 --> 00:13:46,330 to experience macrosystem change 234 00:13:47,220 --> 00:13:49,490 in the same ecosystem. 235 00:13:49,490 --> 00:13:51,730 They're just going to move to a different place 236 00:13:51,730 --> 00:13:53,450 in that ecosystem. 237 00:13:53,450 --> 00:13:58,170 So, the culture is not going to change greatly. 238 00:13:58,170 --> 00:14:00,570 And I think one example we can use 239 00:14:00,570 --> 00:14:03,770 is moving from a rural place 240 00:14:03,770 --> 00:14:07,150 to an urban place 241 00:14:07,150 --> 00:14:11,313 or creating an urbanization by gathering together. 242 00:14:12,380 --> 00:14:14,980 We're going to change the macrosystem. 243 00:14:14,980 --> 00:14:19,270 We're relocating in the same general ecosystem. 244 00:14:19,270 --> 00:14:20,470 So, it's same culture 245 00:14:20,470 --> 00:14:25,460 but we're going to create a new subculture within it. 246 00:14:25,460 --> 00:14:27,600 And that's more complex 247 00:14:27,600 --> 00:14:29,040 because when you change 248 00:14:30,029 --> 00:14:34,440 both ecosystem and the macrosystem 249 00:14:34,440 --> 00:14:36,563 there are more adaptations to make. 250 00:14:37,950 --> 00:14:40,100 Now let's move directly 251 00:14:40,945 --> 00:14:42,400 to looking at 252 00:14:42,400 --> 00:14:45,370 when change involves both relocation 253 00:14:45,370 --> 00:14:47,820 to a different ecosystem 254 00:14:47,820 --> 00:14:50,423 and from one macrosystem to another, 255 00:14:51,380 --> 00:14:55,200 then the adaptations required are much more complex. 256 00:14:55,200 --> 00:14:56,663 And there are several ways this happens 257 00:14:56,663 --> 00:15:00,800 when people relocate and go to a different ecosystem 258 00:15:00,800 --> 00:15:03,320 and a different macrosystem. 259 00:15:03,320 --> 00:15:05,170 Sometimes they visit 260 00:15:06,350 --> 00:15:09,370 a different macrosystem, different ecosystem. 261 00:15:09,370 --> 00:15:11,190 They go to another culture. 262 00:15:11,190 --> 00:15:12,580 They experienced that; 263 00:15:12,580 --> 00:15:14,653 they come as students, they go home. 264 00:15:15,991 --> 00:15:16,870 They go back and forth. 265 00:15:16,870 --> 00:15:18,917 They may have relatives who have migrated 266 00:15:18,917 --> 00:15:20,990 and they come to visit them. 267 00:15:20,990 --> 00:15:25,710 They go back and forth and they become comfortable in both 268 00:15:25,710 --> 00:15:27,380 and they migrate. 269 00:15:27,380 --> 00:15:31,553 They move, they change their primary location. 270 00:15:33,300 --> 00:15:35,910 And sometimes they plan to migrate 271 00:15:35,910 --> 00:15:37,370 and to continue 272 00:15:37,370 --> 00:15:42,370 to participate in the previous macrosystem as well. 273 00:15:43,350 --> 00:15:47,020 So they're actually becoming bi-cultural. 274 00:15:47,020 --> 00:15:49,400 So they are adding a macrosystem 275 00:15:50,330 --> 00:15:55,133 and perhaps changing where their primary residence is. 276 00:16:00,392 --> 00:16:01,225 (clears throat) 277 00:16:01,225 --> 00:16:02,058 Excuse me, I had to cough. 278 00:16:03,120 --> 00:16:08,120 So, they're creating a bi-cultural ecosystem for themselves. 279 00:16:09,150 --> 00:16:12,010 They're going back and forth two different places, 280 00:16:12,010 --> 00:16:13,393 two different cultures. 281 00:16:16,698 --> 00:16:20,190 And sometimes people move permanently 282 00:16:20,190 --> 00:16:22,360 but they maintain ties. 283 00:16:22,360 --> 00:16:26,770 So, they're staying connected to the previous macrosystem 284 00:16:27,610 --> 00:16:31,230 and the previous place but they're not in it anymore. 285 00:16:31,230 --> 00:16:34,510 And then other people migrate permanently 286 00:16:34,510 --> 00:16:38,133 and don't have ties with their former home. 287 00:16:39,130 --> 00:16:41,780 So they are making the complete change. 288 00:16:41,780 --> 00:16:43,690 They're leaving their macrosystem 289 00:16:43,690 --> 00:16:46,010 and their ecosystem behind 290 00:16:46,010 --> 00:16:50,480 and they're moving into a new macrosystem and ecosystem. 291 00:16:50,480 --> 00:16:52,150 The ecosystem is the whole thing, 292 00:16:52,150 --> 00:16:56,333 the macrosystem is the values and the consistencies. 293 00:16:57,990 --> 00:16:59,663 They're maintaining ties. 294 00:17:01,644 --> 00:17:05,437 Other people completely cut their ties 295 00:17:07,870 --> 00:17:11,650 and that is likely to happen abruptly 296 00:17:13,190 --> 00:17:18,190 and involve permanent departure from home. 297 00:17:19,180 --> 00:17:21,160 They are displaced. 298 00:17:21,160 --> 00:17:23,630 And that happens when there are wars, 299 00:17:23,630 --> 00:17:25,640 when there are natural disasters, 300 00:17:25,640 --> 00:17:27,950 when there are other things that make it impossible 301 00:17:27,950 --> 00:17:30,000 for people to stay in an ecosystem 302 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:35,960 and there's no place within the ecosystem for them to settle 303 00:17:36,180 --> 00:17:39,950 so that they would be able to stay on the same macrosystem. 304 00:17:39,950 --> 00:17:43,450 So they are forced out of their ecosystem. 305 00:17:43,450 --> 00:17:47,403 And that often involves macrosystem conflict. 306 00:17:50,300 --> 00:17:54,033 They're displaced and they're immigrants, 307 00:17:54,880 --> 00:17:57,780 sudden immigrants, unintentional immigrants 308 00:17:57,780 --> 00:17:59,900 and sometimes refugees, 309 00:17:59,900 --> 00:18:04,840 fleeing so that they can live, finding a place to live 310 00:18:04,840 --> 00:18:06,940 and accepting that that has to be 311 00:18:06,940 --> 00:18:08,893 on a different macrosystem. 312 00:18:09,840 --> 00:18:11,320 And in the United States now, 313 00:18:11,320 --> 00:18:14,880 we have lots of immigrants and lots of refugees 314 00:18:14,880 --> 00:18:18,070 and many more people who would like to be. 315 00:18:18,070 --> 00:18:22,620 And some of you have worked with families 316 00:18:22,620 --> 00:18:26,490 in the refugee community here 317 00:18:26,490 --> 00:18:28,830 in Burlington, or will, 318 00:18:28,830 --> 00:18:30,530 and many of you will work 319 00:18:30,530 --> 00:18:34,230 with refugees and immigrants in the future. 320 00:18:34,230 --> 00:18:36,020 So, it's important for us to look 321 00:18:36,020 --> 00:18:38,653 at what they're experiencing. 322 00:18:39,768 --> 00:18:44,283 Their experience requires the greatest adaptation of all. 323 00:18:53,610 --> 00:18:54,833 Yes, there we go. 324 00:18:59,130 --> 00:19:01,083 And remember that family adaptations, 325 00:19:06,440 --> 00:19:09,080 the ways that families are going to deal 326 00:19:10,897 --> 00:19:12,560 with being in 327 00:19:12,560 --> 00:19:17,543 a new macrosystem are interesting, 328 00:19:19,870 --> 00:19:21,910 because, as we've said, 329 00:19:21,910 --> 00:19:25,010 people at different stages of the lifespan 330 00:19:25,010 --> 00:19:27,740 may adapt differently. 331 00:19:27,740 --> 00:19:32,070 So, in the immigrant and refugee community, 332 00:19:32,070 --> 00:19:36,040 in most refugee and immigrant communities 333 00:19:36,040 --> 00:19:38,820 we see families being stressed 334 00:19:39,950 --> 00:19:43,650 because members in different stages of development 335 00:19:43,650 --> 00:19:45,993 are affected in different ways. 336 00:19:46,970 --> 00:19:51,450 The youngest children are learning the current ecosystem 337 00:19:51,450 --> 00:19:55,560 for the first time; infants, toddlers, young children. 338 00:19:55,560 --> 00:19:58,140 They're just learning about the ecosystem. 339 00:19:58,140 --> 00:20:00,010 They're exploring it. 340 00:20:00,010 --> 00:20:02,803 They're learning wherever they are, 341 00:20:04,100 --> 00:20:07,080 learning whatever there is to know in that 342 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:11,470 and they're forming their understanding of the environment 343 00:20:11,470 --> 00:20:12,710 for the first time 344 00:20:13,580 --> 00:20:17,043 in wherever their family is living at that time. 345 00:20:18,955 --> 00:20:23,020 Older children are learning a new ecosystem 346 00:20:23,020 --> 00:20:26,940 and they don't have a lot of loyalty 347 00:20:26,940 --> 00:20:30,920 to the earlier one, it's changing. 348 00:20:30,920 --> 00:20:33,793 The new one is just as good maybe, 349 00:20:34,820 --> 00:20:37,000 just as interesting to them. 350 00:20:37,000 --> 00:20:41,820 And children learn new ecosystems very readily. 351 00:20:41,820 --> 00:20:44,960 They explore it, they learn the language naturally 352 00:20:44,960 --> 00:20:48,373 by using it with other children and adults. 353 00:20:49,290 --> 00:20:53,920 So, the process of adaptation is essentially the same 354 00:20:53,920 --> 00:20:57,040 as the process of development for them. 355 00:20:57,040 --> 00:21:00,583 They're not having to change what they have developed. 356 00:21:01,630 --> 00:21:04,350 Adolescents are different. 357 00:21:04,350 --> 00:21:09,350 They have learned an ecosystem, 358 00:21:09,570 --> 00:21:11,480 they have an understanding of it 359 00:21:11,480 --> 00:21:13,390 and now they're in a new one. 360 00:21:13,390 --> 00:21:18,173 So they're adapting to the new as different. 361 00:21:19,540 --> 00:21:21,120 So, it's not the first time 362 00:21:21,120 --> 00:21:24,830 they've developed a way of understanding their ecosystem 363 00:21:24,830 --> 00:21:27,183 and behaving appropriately in it. 364 00:21:28,120 --> 00:21:29,850 They're seeing the new 365 00:21:29,850 --> 00:21:31,640 and they're aware of the differences 366 00:21:31,640 --> 00:21:33,200 so they're able to compare 367 00:21:34,130 --> 00:21:37,273 the former and the current. 368 00:21:38,210 --> 00:21:40,410 And they may want to go back to the former, 369 00:21:40,410 --> 00:21:42,390 but if that's not possible, 370 00:21:42,390 --> 00:21:46,480 adolescents adapt pretty quickly to new environments. 371 00:21:46,480 --> 00:21:49,989 That's one of the joys of being an adolescent; 372 00:21:49,989 --> 00:21:52,793 you can learn things quickly. 373 00:21:54,070 --> 00:21:56,200 Young adults are working on identity 374 00:21:56,200 --> 00:21:59,780 and intimacy across macrosystems. 375 00:21:59,780 --> 00:22:02,140 And the displacement, 376 00:22:02,140 --> 00:22:07,140 the loss of one macrosystem 377 00:22:07,270 --> 00:22:11,520 and having to adapt to a new one may interfere 378 00:22:11,520 --> 00:22:14,080 with their development of a sense of identity 379 00:22:15,200 --> 00:22:18,140 and development of relationships. 380 00:22:18,140 --> 00:22:19,970 If they've lost relationships 381 00:22:19,970 --> 00:22:24,970 that they were developing in the previous macrosystem 382 00:22:25,160 --> 00:22:27,170 and they're in a new situation 383 00:22:28,050 --> 00:22:30,720 and the relationships, the people, 384 00:22:30,720 --> 00:22:35,720 the available partners, the other peers are different, 385 00:22:35,980 --> 00:22:39,530 it may be more difficult for them to develop 386 00:22:39,530 --> 00:22:43,020 both the sense of identity; who am I, 387 00:22:43,020 --> 00:22:44,970 because they're trying to incorporate 388 00:22:46,343 --> 00:22:50,207 the former identity and the former culture 389 00:22:52,130 --> 00:22:54,470 into the new identity 390 00:22:54,470 --> 00:22:56,343 in the new culture. 391 00:22:57,230 --> 00:22:59,700 So there's more adaptation for them 392 00:22:59,700 --> 00:23:04,700 and it comes at a critical time in forming relationships. 393 00:23:04,730 --> 00:23:07,180 And that may make it more difficult 394 00:23:07,180 --> 00:23:10,930 and making life more difficult for the young adults 395 00:23:10,930 --> 00:23:14,253 than it was for the children and adolescents. 396 00:23:15,460 --> 00:23:19,100 Middle-aged people, maybe parents, 397 00:23:19,100 --> 00:23:21,570 they're more likely to embrace the new 398 00:23:23,060 --> 00:23:26,060 because they want to create opportunities 399 00:23:26,060 --> 00:23:27,013 for their children. 400 00:23:27,870 --> 00:23:31,100 But they may be hindered by the old macrosystem 401 00:23:31,100 --> 00:23:33,040 and their understanding 402 00:23:33,040 --> 00:23:36,740 and the fact that they may lack the skills 403 00:23:36,740 --> 00:23:40,100 to participate fully in the new one. 404 00:23:40,100 --> 00:23:43,510 So, we see middle-aged people adapting 405 00:23:43,510 --> 00:23:47,240 by essentially giving up their old culture 406 00:23:47,240 --> 00:23:49,860 or hanging onto it around the fringes 407 00:23:51,584 --> 00:23:54,900 and accepting that they are perhaps 408 00:23:54,900 --> 00:23:57,483 in a new and inferior, 409 00:24:02,880 --> 00:24:05,980 less celebrated status 410 00:24:07,410 --> 00:24:08,490 in the new culture, 411 00:24:08,490 --> 00:24:11,140 and they accept because they're adults 412 00:24:11,140 --> 00:24:13,710 and they have responsibilities. 413 00:24:13,710 --> 00:24:15,900 They accept often 414 00:24:15,900 --> 00:24:19,200 that they're just going to have to work their butts off, 415 00:24:19,200 --> 00:24:22,113 they're never going to be accepted in the new culture, 416 00:24:23,210 --> 00:24:26,650 but that's the sacrifice that they are making 417 00:24:27,520 --> 00:24:31,983 for the opportunities for their children to have a new life. 418 00:24:32,820 --> 00:24:37,340 So, in middle adulthood, particularly parents 419 00:24:37,340 --> 00:24:40,460 are likely to accept 420 00:24:40,460 --> 00:24:43,420 their position in the new culture, 421 00:24:43,420 --> 00:24:46,070 their inferior position. 422 00:24:46,070 --> 00:24:49,220 They may have lost jobs that they could do, 423 00:24:49,220 --> 00:24:51,120 they may have lost affluence 424 00:24:52,060 --> 00:24:54,260 but because they don't speak the language 425 00:24:54,260 --> 00:24:56,350 or they don't have the credentials, 426 00:24:56,350 --> 00:24:58,920 they may be limited in the kinds of jobs 427 00:24:58,920 --> 00:25:02,053 that they can obtain in the new culture. 428 00:25:03,210 --> 00:25:05,840 And they're sad about that 429 00:25:07,410 --> 00:25:10,070 but it's in the interest... 430 00:25:10,070 --> 00:25:13,170 They will work at whatever they have to do 431 00:25:13,170 --> 00:25:14,820 to keep their children safe 432 00:25:14,820 --> 00:25:16,993 and to create opportunities for them. 433 00:25:18,490 --> 00:25:21,977 You may know families that are doing that. 434 00:25:24,193 --> 00:25:27,110 You may know that many of the staff 435 00:25:29,410 --> 00:25:31,410 at the university, 436 00:25:31,410 --> 00:25:35,470 particularly the lower paid staff, are immigrants 437 00:25:35,470 --> 00:25:38,000 and many of them have skills 438 00:25:38,000 --> 00:25:42,400 that they could use in their old culture 439 00:25:42,400 --> 00:25:44,420 to make a good living 440 00:25:44,420 --> 00:25:47,860 and they can't use those in this country 441 00:25:47,860 --> 00:25:50,240 because of lack of language. 442 00:25:50,240 --> 00:25:53,450 So, everybody has stories about people 443 00:25:53,450 --> 00:25:57,530 who are raising their children in this culture deliberately, 444 00:25:57,530 --> 00:26:00,390 partly to make sure they live 445 00:26:00,390 --> 00:26:03,040 and partly to give them opportunities. 446 00:26:03,040 --> 00:26:05,433 But the parents are accepting, 447 00:26:07,400 --> 00:26:08,870 not necessarily happily, 448 00:26:08,870 --> 00:26:11,890 but they're accepting the reality 449 00:26:11,890 --> 00:26:15,740 that they are much less valued 450 00:26:15,740 --> 00:26:19,123 in their new culture than they were in their old. 451 00:26:20,750 --> 00:26:25,750 Elders, if we go on up the lifespan, may change the least. 452 00:26:26,190 --> 00:26:28,437 They may just simply give up. 453 00:26:28,437 --> 00:26:29,677 "I'm not going to adapt. 454 00:26:29,677 --> 00:26:32,117 "Here I am, I'm an immigrant. 455 00:26:32,117 --> 00:26:36,617 "I'm old, I'm going to preserve my former way of life 456 00:26:36,617 --> 00:26:38,677 "as much as I can 457 00:26:38,677 --> 00:26:41,330 "and I'm going to try to get my children 458 00:26:42,297 --> 00:26:46,557 "to preserve those values and those traditions 459 00:26:46,557 --> 00:26:48,017 "and I'm going to try to have 460 00:26:48,017 --> 00:26:53,017 "my grandchildren preserve those traditions and know them." 461 00:26:54,100 --> 00:26:57,160 And that sometimes leads to conflict. 462 00:26:57,160 --> 00:27:00,900 Adolescents are often much more interested 463 00:27:00,900 --> 00:27:04,680 in becoming acculturated in the new society, 464 00:27:04,680 --> 00:27:05,690 the new culture 465 00:27:08,751 --> 00:27:13,751 than they are in preserving the old. 466 00:27:13,820 --> 00:27:15,930 There are of course differences. 467 00:27:15,930 --> 00:27:19,070 Some adolescents really want to be in two cultures 468 00:27:19,070 --> 00:27:21,250 or to know the former culture. 469 00:27:21,250 --> 00:27:25,450 Some families make that happen happily 470 00:27:25,450 --> 00:27:30,450 as a way of finding a place in the new culture, 471 00:27:30,550 --> 00:27:32,270 happily being immigrants 472 00:27:32,270 --> 00:27:35,080 and having a different culture that you can share 473 00:27:35,080 --> 00:27:36,673 with people in the new culture. 474 00:27:37,580 --> 00:27:39,900 So, families have different ways of adapting 475 00:27:39,900 --> 00:27:44,640 and sometimes they rely on the traditions 476 00:27:44,640 --> 00:27:47,570 as a way of creating identity for themselves 477 00:27:47,570 --> 00:27:49,350 in the new culture. 478 00:27:49,350 --> 00:27:50,730 And that's more likely to happen 479 00:27:50,730 --> 00:27:53,320 if the new culture is welcoming 480 00:27:53,320 --> 00:27:57,283 of those other traditions or at least entertained by them. 481 00:27:58,750 --> 00:28:01,230 But what we see in families 482 00:28:03,082 --> 00:28:05,570 is some difference 483 00:28:05,570 --> 00:28:10,270 in the way individual members of the family adapt 484 00:28:10,270 --> 00:28:14,043 and embrace the change that has happened. 485 00:28:15,010 --> 00:28:17,750 And those are certainly understandable, 486 00:28:17,750 --> 00:28:21,240 those different stages of the life cycle. 487 00:28:21,240 --> 00:28:23,890 And there may be conflict. 488 00:28:23,890 --> 00:28:27,483 There's also the potential for disrespect. 489 00:28:30,132 --> 00:28:34,450 And I'll give you a couple of examples of that, 490 00:28:36,350 --> 00:28:38,230 the difficulties that happen. 491 00:28:38,230 --> 00:28:42,260 Sometimes adolescents being adolescents 492 00:28:42,260 --> 00:28:45,490 are embarrassed by their elders 493 00:28:45,490 --> 00:28:48,363 who don't understand the language. 494 00:28:52,178 --> 00:28:54,377 I remember many years ago talking 495 00:28:56,990 --> 00:28:59,810 with a person whose family had immigrated 496 00:28:59,810 --> 00:29:01,373 to the United States. 497 00:29:02,450 --> 00:29:04,600 And he talked about that. 498 00:29:04,600 --> 00:29:05,740 He was a psychologist. 499 00:29:05,740 --> 00:29:09,423 We were talking about his family coming. 500 00:29:10,420 --> 00:29:11,997 His father had (indistinct). 501 00:29:13,699 --> 00:29:15,449 So, it was very interesting for me, 502 00:29:17,330 --> 00:29:21,260 but I didn't know he was an immigrant from Germany 503 00:29:22,430 --> 00:29:25,893 because he spoke English as a native English speaker. 504 00:29:28,060 --> 00:29:32,270 And the second part of the conversation was... 505 00:29:32,270 --> 00:29:34,350 We were together over a couple of days 506 00:29:34,350 --> 00:29:35,937 and the second time it came up, I said, 507 00:29:35,937 --> 00:29:38,287 "But you came to the United States 508 00:29:38,287 --> 00:29:40,047 "before you were an adolescent," 509 00:29:41,080 --> 00:29:43,720 and he said, "Well, yes, but how do you know?" 510 00:29:43,720 --> 00:29:45,820 I said, "Because you don't have an accent. 511 00:29:47,057 --> 00:29:49,517 "People lose the ability 512 00:29:49,517 --> 00:29:54,517 "to learn new languages without an accent across puberty. 513 00:29:55,417 --> 00:29:58,717 "So, children who immigrate 514 00:29:58,717 --> 00:30:02,147 "typically speak the new language without an accent 515 00:30:02,147 --> 00:30:06,350 "but people who come here later often retain their accent." 516 00:30:06,350 --> 00:30:07,860 He looked at me and said, "You're kidding." 517 00:30:07,860 --> 00:30:10,650 I said, "No, that's what the research says." 518 00:30:10,650 --> 00:30:11,483 (chuckles) 519 00:30:11,483 --> 00:30:13,900 He said, "Oh my goodness," 520 00:30:13,900 --> 00:30:15,340 and I said, "What?" 521 00:30:15,340 --> 00:30:18,657 He said, "I have an older brother. 522 00:30:18,657 --> 00:30:22,017 "He was 15 when we immigrated 523 00:30:22,017 --> 00:30:23,877 "and I've always thought he was stupid 524 00:30:23,877 --> 00:30:26,937 "because he couldn't speak English without an accent." 525 00:30:27,860 --> 00:30:31,297 And I said, "Well, he may be trying his best 526 00:30:31,297 --> 00:30:35,720 "but retraining the brain and the motor apparatus of speech 527 00:30:36,897 --> 00:30:39,847 "doesn't work unless you've had six or seven 528 00:30:39,847 --> 00:30:41,267 "or eight different languages, 529 00:30:41,267 --> 00:30:44,437 "then you're keeping that active. 530 00:30:44,437 --> 00:30:46,553 "But most people who have just one or two 531 00:30:47,447 --> 00:30:50,957 "will speak any language they learn after puberty 532 00:30:50,957 --> 00:30:51,830 "with an accent." 533 00:30:51,830 --> 00:30:54,267 And he said, "I've got to call my brother. 534 00:30:54,267 --> 00:30:56,067 "I need to apologize. 535 00:30:56,067 --> 00:30:58,847 "I've been criticizing him for 30 years." 536 00:30:59,850 --> 00:31:03,870 So, disrespect within the family, in that case, 537 00:31:03,870 --> 00:31:06,280 just simply because they immigrated 538 00:31:06,280 --> 00:31:11,280 at different stages of life with different potentials. 539 00:31:13,390 --> 00:31:15,410 Another situation that's... 540 00:31:15,410 --> 00:31:16,950 And that one's okay. 541 00:31:16,950 --> 00:31:18,420 The brother was all right. 542 00:31:18,420 --> 00:31:22,800 He wasn't crushed by his little brother's criticism 543 00:31:22,800 --> 00:31:24,170 over the years. 544 00:31:24,170 --> 00:31:29,170 But one that's much harder is when, particularly teenagers 545 00:31:31,100 --> 00:31:33,520 who are likely to be critical 546 00:31:33,520 --> 00:31:36,420 of their parents and grandparents anyway, 547 00:31:36,420 --> 00:31:37,670 in immigrant families, 548 00:31:37,670 --> 00:31:42,320 that criticism can become disrespectful 549 00:31:43,650 --> 00:31:46,890 because adolescents may, in some cases, 550 00:31:46,890 --> 00:31:48,810 not all but some, 551 00:31:48,810 --> 00:31:51,960 may immigrate and adapt 552 00:31:53,270 --> 00:31:56,650 and learn the language and be comfortable in the new culture 553 00:31:56,650 --> 00:32:01,390 and be embarrassed by their parents and grandparents. 554 00:32:01,390 --> 00:32:05,730 And embarrassment may lead them to not want to spend time 555 00:32:05,730 --> 00:32:07,760 or be in public with their parents 556 00:32:07,760 --> 00:32:09,810 or with their grandparents. 557 00:32:09,810 --> 00:32:12,970 And that sometimes becomes very disrespectful 558 00:32:12,970 --> 00:32:17,350 that there's open conflict between children and adolescents 559 00:32:17,350 --> 00:32:19,410 and their elders. 560 00:32:19,410 --> 00:32:24,090 And that conflict can be harmful to the psyches. 561 00:32:24,090 --> 00:32:28,120 It can lead to open conflict within a family, 562 00:32:28,120 --> 00:32:29,420 people fighting each other 563 00:32:30,580 --> 00:32:32,510 because they're trying to, 564 00:32:32,510 --> 00:32:37,510 on one hand preserve the old, the old culture, 565 00:32:38,500 --> 00:32:41,610 and on the hand, the younger hand, 566 00:32:41,610 --> 00:32:44,010 people may be critical of their elders 567 00:32:44,010 --> 00:32:46,440 for not being able to adapt. 568 00:32:46,440 --> 00:32:47,880 A little bit of knowledge 569 00:32:47,880 --> 00:32:52,300 about lifespan development and adaptation might be useful. 570 00:32:52,300 --> 00:32:53,940 And that does help. 571 00:32:53,940 --> 00:32:55,600 And it's more likely to happen 572 00:32:57,171 --> 00:33:00,860 in refugee and immigrant communities 573 00:33:00,860 --> 00:33:03,250 where people are sophisticated 574 00:33:03,250 --> 00:33:07,123 about what's going on as they adapt. 575 00:33:11,944 --> 00:33:13,920 Okay, let's move on. 576 00:33:16,220 --> 00:33:19,860 But keep in mind that the family is always adapting 577 00:33:19,860 --> 00:33:22,120 and there are many different ways 578 00:33:22,120 --> 00:33:24,223 that they're likely to adapt. 579 00:33:25,870 --> 00:33:27,280 Now, let me go 580 00:33:28,830 --> 00:33:31,480 to the more serious 581 00:33:35,175 --> 00:33:38,263 kind of change in macrosystem. 582 00:33:39,260 --> 00:33:41,190 And that's the situation where people 583 00:33:41,190 --> 00:33:43,860 have multiple transitions. 584 00:33:43,860 --> 00:33:44,710 And this is true 585 00:33:44,710 --> 00:33:48,920 of many of our immigrant and refugee families. 586 00:33:48,920 --> 00:33:52,963 They have moved not just from one macrosystem to another, 587 00:33:53,810 --> 00:33:58,200 but they have been displaced from home to somewhere else 588 00:33:59,210 --> 00:34:03,221 in their native ecosystem, 589 00:34:03,221 --> 00:34:06,750 and then displaced from that to a refugee camp 590 00:34:06,750 --> 00:34:09,283 in a different country, 591 00:34:10,420 --> 00:34:14,390 and then perhaps to another refugee camp. 592 00:34:14,390 --> 00:34:16,600 And each refugee camp 593 00:34:16,600 --> 00:34:19,463 by itself represents a different macrosystem. 594 00:34:20,700 --> 00:34:24,800 There may be similarities but there are also differences. 595 00:34:24,800 --> 00:34:28,290 Differences that depend on who is in that refugee camp, 596 00:34:28,290 --> 00:34:30,770 what groups are being mixed, 597 00:34:30,770 --> 00:34:33,150 who is in charge of the camp, 598 00:34:33,150 --> 00:34:34,690 who's writing the rules? 599 00:34:34,690 --> 00:34:37,363 And it's usually the host country that is doing that. 600 00:34:38,530 --> 00:34:40,780 Most countries don't invite 10,000 people 601 00:34:40,780 --> 00:34:45,050 to come in and create a community on their own. 602 00:34:45,050 --> 00:34:47,460 They provide something for them 603 00:34:47,460 --> 00:34:51,810 and they provide it according to the macrosystem standards 604 00:34:51,810 --> 00:34:56,423 of the country that people are fleeing to. 605 00:34:56,423 --> 00:34:59,480 And then sometimes people go from a refugee camp 606 00:34:59,480 --> 00:35:03,650 to an interim residence to wait for permanent settlement 607 00:35:04,670 --> 00:35:08,123 and that interim resident might last for years. 608 00:35:09,130 --> 00:35:12,440 And then eventually people get 609 00:35:12,440 --> 00:35:14,770 to a permanent resettlement home. 610 00:35:14,770 --> 00:35:16,350 But if you talk to some of the folks 611 00:35:16,350 --> 00:35:19,453 in the refugee whose resettlement community here, 612 00:35:21,100 --> 00:35:26,100 some of them have lived in more places than they can count. 613 00:35:26,590 --> 00:35:27,423 They have lived 614 00:35:27,423 --> 00:35:31,680 in several different macrosystems temporarily 615 00:35:32,600 --> 00:35:33,963 and then they're here. 616 00:35:36,500 --> 00:35:40,257 Now, on one level, Bronfenbrenner would say, 617 00:35:40,257 --> 00:35:41,257 "Well, that's great. 618 00:35:42,777 --> 00:35:45,587 "They're experiencing different macrosystems 619 00:35:45,587 --> 00:35:48,440 "so they're going to be really good at adapting 620 00:35:49,417 --> 00:35:53,457 "but there may be adaptational overload." 621 00:35:54,650 --> 00:35:57,590 There's also the fact that different people in a family 622 00:35:57,590 --> 00:36:00,170 might be born in different places 623 00:36:01,510 --> 00:36:04,390 and everybody in the family 624 00:36:04,390 --> 00:36:06,983 has a different macrosystem history. 625 00:36:08,540 --> 00:36:11,560 We have kids who were born in refugee camps 626 00:36:11,560 --> 00:36:16,450 who then live in temporary communities 627 00:36:16,450 --> 00:36:17,520 for a period of time. 628 00:36:17,520 --> 00:36:22,160 So they've done infancy and toddlerhood in one macrosystem, 629 00:36:22,160 --> 00:36:24,400 they've done early childhood in another, 630 00:36:24,400 --> 00:36:27,200 they've done middle childhood in yet another, 631 00:36:27,200 --> 00:36:30,320 they've come after a series of changes 632 00:36:31,780 --> 00:36:34,180 from one macrosystem to another 633 00:36:35,460 --> 00:36:38,453 and they're still confused: 634 00:36:39,617 --> 00:36:40,917 "What's going on?" 635 00:36:41,840 --> 00:36:45,200 It depends on the number of relocations 636 00:36:45,200 --> 00:36:48,480 and these are important developmental questions. 637 00:36:48,480 --> 00:36:50,830 Getting a timeline 638 00:36:50,830 --> 00:36:53,590 for an immigrant family 639 00:36:53,590 --> 00:36:55,430 or a refugee family... 640 00:36:55,430 --> 00:36:58,080 Getting a timeline of where they have been 641 00:36:58,080 --> 00:37:00,410 and what the conditions were 642 00:37:00,410 --> 00:37:03,580 and how long they were in different places 643 00:37:03,580 --> 00:37:07,710 is an important step in understanding the development 644 00:37:07,710 --> 00:37:10,470 and the adaptations of the different family members 645 00:37:10,470 --> 00:37:12,630 and what they're dealing with. 646 00:37:12,630 --> 00:37:14,610 So, you have number of relocations, 647 00:37:14,610 --> 00:37:17,730 you have the length of stays in each one 648 00:37:17,730 --> 00:37:20,973 and you have the conditions in each. 649 00:37:21,970 --> 00:37:23,380 Was there a privation? 650 00:37:23,380 --> 00:37:24,990 Did they have enough to eat? 651 00:37:24,990 --> 00:37:26,160 Was there abuse? 652 00:37:26,160 --> 00:37:28,250 Were they traumatized? 653 00:37:28,250 --> 00:37:29,450 Were there murders? 654 00:37:29,450 --> 00:37:30,930 Were there killings? 655 00:37:30,930 --> 00:37:31,870 Did people die? 656 00:37:31,870 --> 00:37:34,310 Were there epidemics? 657 00:37:34,310 --> 00:37:39,310 Were there separations from family, temporary or permanent? 658 00:37:40,880 --> 00:37:43,670 Was there an opportunity for education? 659 00:37:43,670 --> 00:37:48,300 Many of the refugee camps, there's no education for kids, 660 00:37:48,300 --> 00:37:50,440 there's no adult education. 661 00:37:50,440 --> 00:37:55,340 People are on their own and without resources. 662 00:37:55,340 --> 00:37:58,083 There's no employment, there's no employment training. 663 00:37:59,020 --> 00:38:00,650 So, if you look at those conditions 664 00:38:00,650 --> 00:38:04,610 and then different places that people have been in, 665 00:38:04,610 --> 00:38:09,150 you can see how their development has been fostered, 666 00:38:09,150 --> 00:38:12,010 facilitated or, in many cases, 667 00:38:12,010 --> 00:38:14,620 their development has been on hold 668 00:38:14,620 --> 00:38:18,310 and they've suffered abuse and trauma and hunger and fear 669 00:38:19,930 --> 00:38:21,953 and violation and violence. 670 00:38:23,260 --> 00:38:26,810 So, when people come as refugees 671 00:38:28,360 --> 00:38:29,660 we can't know 672 00:38:31,130 --> 00:38:34,710 until we talk with them at length 673 00:38:34,710 --> 00:38:36,990 what they actually have to deal with. 674 00:38:36,990 --> 00:38:41,330 And asking people to adapt to a new macrosystem 675 00:38:41,330 --> 00:38:43,910 when they're still suffering the effects of trauma 676 00:38:45,815 --> 00:38:49,690 and the emotional upheaval of trauma, 677 00:38:49,690 --> 00:38:53,540 the reactivity that trauma causes, 678 00:38:53,540 --> 00:38:56,380 it may be quite unreasonable for us to expect people 679 00:38:56,380 --> 00:38:58,530 to kind of pull it together 680 00:38:59,530 --> 00:39:02,453 and raise a family in a new culture. 681 00:39:04,830 --> 00:39:07,730 It's also necessary to realize 682 00:39:07,730 --> 00:39:12,330 that the immigrant population, the refugee population 683 00:39:12,330 --> 00:39:16,393 does not represent a single social class. 684 00:39:17,980 --> 00:39:22,330 They're not all people who were dirt poor 685 00:39:22,330 --> 00:39:24,090 wherever they came from. 686 00:39:24,090 --> 00:39:26,760 Again, there are people who have education, 687 00:39:26,760 --> 00:39:28,450 there are people who've had employment, 688 00:39:28,450 --> 00:39:30,320 people who have been affluent, 689 00:39:30,320 --> 00:39:33,630 who have lost everything in the process 690 00:39:33,630 --> 00:39:35,930 of becoming refugees. 691 00:39:35,930 --> 00:39:37,810 There are others who have been dirt poor, 692 00:39:37,810 --> 00:39:41,490 who don't have education, who have never had resources, 693 00:39:41,490 --> 00:39:42,890 and we're going to put them in a culture 694 00:39:42,890 --> 00:39:45,330 where they're going to have to deal 695 00:39:45,330 --> 00:39:47,640 with how to get those resources. 696 00:39:47,640 --> 00:39:50,920 So that diversity has to be kept in mind 697 00:39:50,920 --> 00:39:55,637 that each refugee or immigrant family is different. 698 00:39:55,637 --> 00:39:57,300 They have different history. 699 00:39:57,300 --> 00:39:58,850 They come from different places. 700 00:39:58,850 --> 00:40:03,090 They have different macrosystems that they have lived in, 701 00:40:03,090 --> 00:40:05,730 different macrosystems that they bring with them 702 00:40:06,900 --> 00:40:10,940 as well as different experiences as individuals, 703 00:40:10,940 --> 00:40:13,403 and losses as families. 704 00:40:14,330 --> 00:40:16,253 All of that diversity, 705 00:40:17,120 --> 00:40:21,280 all of that experience affects the adaptation 706 00:40:22,170 --> 00:40:25,220 and the acculturation 707 00:40:25,220 --> 00:40:29,690 of those families that have experienced changes 708 00:40:29,690 --> 00:40:33,093 in the macrosystems that they've participated in. 709 00:40:36,950 --> 00:40:39,483 Now let's look at that a little more. 710 00:40:40,600 --> 00:40:43,303 How do you adapt to a new macrosystem? 711 00:40:45,980 --> 00:40:50,320 Well, it's facilitated by prior experience 712 00:40:50,320 --> 00:40:52,153 in different ecosystems. 713 00:40:53,150 --> 00:40:54,490 So, if you've traveled, 714 00:40:54,490 --> 00:40:57,210 if you've lived in different ecosystems 715 00:40:57,210 --> 00:41:01,520 by choice or opportunity 716 00:41:01,520 --> 00:41:03,240 and you've not been traumatized, 717 00:41:03,240 --> 00:41:06,053 you've not been poor, you've have been educated, 718 00:41:06,990 --> 00:41:11,240 all of those things facilitate adaptation 719 00:41:11,240 --> 00:41:12,570 to a new macrosystem 720 00:41:12,570 --> 00:41:14,983 because you've had the opportunity before. 721 00:41:16,980 --> 00:41:20,583 It helps if you can have trans-contextual dyads. 722 00:41:21,710 --> 00:41:26,030 So, when people move individually, 723 00:41:26,030 --> 00:41:27,320 all on their own 724 00:41:30,381 --> 00:41:33,840 they're not having the advantage 725 00:41:33,840 --> 00:41:36,900 of what Bronfenbrenner would call (indistinct) system links, 726 00:41:36,900 --> 00:41:39,323 trans-contextual dyads, those things. 727 00:41:40,700 --> 00:41:42,450 If you come with other family, 728 00:41:42,450 --> 00:41:45,160 if you come with extended family, 729 00:41:45,160 --> 00:41:48,750 if you immigrate with a group of people 730 00:41:48,750 --> 00:41:50,170 from the same culture 731 00:41:51,640 --> 00:41:54,670 or you're joining family when you get here 732 00:41:54,670 --> 00:41:57,550 or others that you've known in the past, 733 00:41:57,550 --> 00:41:59,180 if you have bonds, 734 00:41:59,180 --> 00:42:02,913 if you have relationships that are reciprocal and positive, 735 00:42:04,810 --> 00:42:06,363 if you have those, 736 00:42:07,420 --> 00:42:12,113 the adaptation to the new macrosystem goes better. 737 00:42:13,610 --> 00:42:14,970 If you're all on your own 738 00:42:14,970 --> 00:42:18,250 and all of your relationships now are new 739 00:42:18,250 --> 00:42:19,233 it's much harder. 740 00:42:22,270 --> 00:42:25,030 Familiarity with the new ecosystem 741 00:42:26,010 --> 00:42:31,010 whether it's through videos, the movies, books, 742 00:42:31,220 --> 00:42:34,070 knowing people in the past helps, 743 00:42:34,070 --> 00:42:36,090 and knowing the language. 744 00:42:36,090 --> 00:42:38,100 Knowing the language is a key 745 00:42:39,150 --> 00:42:42,020 to being able to adapt to the new macrosystem, 746 00:42:42,020 --> 00:42:46,100 which is why people who are being prepared for resettlement 747 00:42:46,100 --> 00:42:49,750 often get pretty intensive language training 748 00:42:49,750 --> 00:42:53,850 because to arrive on a boat or on an airplane or a train 749 00:42:55,923 --> 00:42:58,100 and settle into a place 750 00:42:58,100 --> 00:43:02,773 with a language you don't know leaves you hanging out there. 751 00:43:04,400 --> 00:43:08,190 Having skills that's useful in the new ecosystem 752 00:43:09,650 --> 00:43:11,250 is very helpful. 753 00:43:11,250 --> 00:43:12,790 If people can be useful, 754 00:43:12,790 --> 00:43:15,090 if they can engage in mobile activities 755 00:43:15,990 --> 00:43:17,530 as they're adapting, 756 00:43:17,530 --> 00:43:19,530 that will help them adapt. 757 00:43:19,530 --> 00:43:21,500 They'll be able to work with other people, 758 00:43:21,500 --> 00:43:24,030 they'll be able to have resources 759 00:43:24,030 --> 00:43:27,210 rather than worrying where their next meal 760 00:43:27,210 --> 00:43:28,453 is going to come from. 761 00:43:29,980 --> 00:43:32,260 And they will find a place in the community 762 00:43:32,260 --> 00:43:36,730 because work, your vocation, the things that you do 763 00:43:36,730 --> 00:43:41,730 is important for finding a position in society, a role, 764 00:43:42,800 --> 00:43:45,620 and having housing, having a place to go, 765 00:43:45,620 --> 00:43:50,283 having a schedule, having a routine, skills help. 766 00:43:51,470 --> 00:43:54,020 If you can maintain your ties and access 767 00:43:54,020 --> 00:43:56,670 to the former ecosystem, 768 00:43:56,670 --> 00:44:00,410 if you have communication with family, former friends, 769 00:44:00,410 --> 00:44:01,610 things like that, 770 00:44:01,610 --> 00:44:02,573 that will help. 771 00:44:04,640 --> 00:44:08,460 So you're not feeling like you're totally alone 772 00:44:08,460 --> 00:44:12,880 in a boat without an oar, without paddles. 773 00:44:12,880 --> 00:44:16,450 So, you have some human connections that you can maintain 774 00:44:16,450 --> 00:44:19,190 and talk to people, communicate with people 775 00:44:19,190 --> 00:44:21,540 who understand where you've been 776 00:44:21,540 --> 00:44:23,040 and what you're going through. 777 00:44:24,000 --> 00:44:27,133 That's helpful to the adaptation process. 778 00:44:28,370 --> 00:44:32,090 And all of these are covered by different parts 779 00:44:32,090 --> 00:44:33,873 of Bronfenbrenner's framework. 780 00:44:35,070 --> 00:44:36,910 Adaptation is hindered 781 00:44:37,930 --> 00:44:41,290 by the traumatic experiences as we've said 782 00:44:43,620 --> 00:44:45,630 in those prior ecosystems. 783 00:44:45,630 --> 00:44:47,680 The more trauma you've experienced, 784 00:44:47,680 --> 00:44:49,600 the more frightened you've been, 785 00:44:49,600 --> 00:44:52,773 the more injured you've been, the more losses you've had, 786 00:44:53,690 --> 00:44:58,090 those all are going to hinder your ability 787 00:44:58,090 --> 00:45:01,593 to cope with the new ecosystem. 788 00:45:03,050 --> 00:45:06,970 Losing significant people, losing those relationships, 789 00:45:06,970 --> 00:45:09,770 losing the roles that you've had. 790 00:45:09,770 --> 00:45:12,173 All of those make it difficult. 791 00:45:13,570 --> 00:45:18,570 One of the things that having a resettlement community, 792 00:45:18,719 --> 00:45:23,719 a community made up of refugees and immigrants, 793 00:45:23,800 --> 00:45:27,590 one of the things that it does is provide you 794 00:45:27,590 --> 00:45:31,410 a way to have a role within that community. 795 00:45:31,410 --> 00:45:35,010 You may not be able to find one right away 796 00:45:35,010 --> 00:45:38,020 in the new community, 797 00:45:38,020 --> 00:45:41,030 the people who've lived in it for a long time, 798 00:45:41,030 --> 00:45:43,240 but you may be able to find a place 799 00:45:43,240 --> 00:45:47,810 and get support and form relationships 800 00:45:47,810 --> 00:45:50,110 within the refugee community. 801 00:45:50,110 --> 00:45:53,120 That's one of the guiding principles 802 00:45:53,120 --> 00:45:57,190 of having a resettlement program 803 00:45:57,190 --> 00:45:59,640 so that you're not bringing people willy-nilly 804 00:45:59,640 --> 00:46:03,913 into individual communities that aren't prepared for them. 805 00:46:05,319 --> 00:46:09,703 And again, one of my experiences was in high school. 806 00:46:12,687 --> 00:46:16,030 I may have already told you probably or will 807 00:46:16,030 --> 00:46:20,110 that I grew up in a small community, 2,400 people, 808 00:46:20,110 --> 00:46:21,283 all of whom were white, 809 00:46:22,750 --> 00:46:27,750 all of whom were some form of Christian or nothing 810 00:46:27,790 --> 00:46:29,940 but the community was Christian 811 00:46:29,940 --> 00:46:32,260 and European European-American 812 00:46:32,260 --> 00:46:35,843 and there weren't any immigrants. 813 00:46:38,040 --> 00:46:41,263 There might've been a couple of people who were war brides, 814 00:46:42,640 --> 00:46:44,710 I didn't know them, 815 00:46:44,710 --> 00:46:48,788 but in high school, when I was in high school, 816 00:46:48,788 --> 00:46:53,640 a German refugee family moved to the community. 817 00:46:53,640 --> 00:46:55,190 I don't know how they got there 818 00:46:56,440 --> 00:47:00,270 but I worked with the father and the son 819 00:47:00,270 --> 00:47:03,313 on the farm that I worked on in the summers. 820 00:47:04,340 --> 00:47:07,113 And they didn't speak English. 821 00:47:10,387 --> 00:47:13,920 And I watched them be bullied 822 00:47:15,780 --> 00:47:18,163 by other workers on the farm. 823 00:47:19,670 --> 00:47:22,120 I watched them struggle. 824 00:47:22,120 --> 00:47:25,323 I watched them be made fun of, 825 00:47:26,726 --> 00:47:28,160 (indistinct) 826 00:47:28,160 --> 00:47:30,070 I didn't get very far. 827 00:47:30,070 --> 00:47:35,070 And I watched as that family gradually just dissolved. 828 00:47:36,020 --> 00:47:41,020 The mother ended up in a mental institution, 829 00:47:41,230 --> 00:47:43,160 a psychiatric hospital 830 00:47:43,160 --> 00:47:45,610 because she just couldn't take it. 831 00:47:45,610 --> 00:47:47,960 And I went off to college 832 00:47:47,960 --> 00:47:51,040 so I don't know what happened to them after that 833 00:47:51,040 --> 00:47:53,760 but I was very aware that they had come 834 00:47:53,760 --> 00:47:57,550 without the language, with nobody else. 835 00:47:57,550 --> 00:47:59,700 I didn't know anybody else who spoke German 836 00:48:01,310 --> 00:48:03,010 in the community 837 00:48:03,010 --> 00:48:05,733 and there were certainly no other refugees. 838 00:48:08,200 --> 00:48:11,520 So, they were brought into an unwelcoming community 839 00:48:12,500 --> 00:48:13,800 with lack of opportunity. 840 00:48:13,800 --> 00:48:16,180 They were working for the same wage as I was, 841 00:48:16,180 --> 00:48:18,530 which at that time was 75 cents an hour. 842 00:48:18,530 --> 00:48:22,343 I got up to a dollar and 1/4 by the time I was in college. 843 00:48:23,292 --> 00:48:24,642 And that was a lot of money 844 00:48:26,690 --> 00:48:28,190 in my age. 845 00:48:28,190 --> 00:48:30,370 But adaptation is hindered 846 00:48:30,370 --> 00:48:33,210 by being on your own without supports, 847 00:48:33,210 --> 00:48:36,353 without anybody who knows what your experience is, 848 00:48:37,960 --> 00:48:41,993 and that's why we have the resettlement communities. 849 00:48:46,259 --> 00:48:49,960 And finally, let me touch again 850 00:48:49,960 --> 00:48:51,440 on family adaptation 851 00:48:51,440 --> 00:48:54,350 in the new macrosystem. 852 00:48:54,350 --> 00:48:57,060 We've already talked about differences between members 853 00:48:57,060 --> 00:48:58,493 at different stages, 854 00:48:59,800 --> 00:49:03,733 conflict between the former and the new macrosystems. 855 00:49:05,590 --> 00:49:08,570 There are differences in the ease of adaptation 856 00:49:09,810 --> 00:49:11,150 of different stages 857 00:49:11,150 --> 00:49:16,150 and families experience stress because of those differences 858 00:49:16,600 --> 00:49:18,893 and the conflict that may come from them. 859 00:49:20,910 --> 00:49:22,840 It's an interesting experience 860 00:49:22,840 --> 00:49:26,983 that because the younger are able to adapt, 861 00:49:27,910 --> 00:49:30,660 learn the language more quickly, 862 00:49:30,660 --> 00:49:34,370 they often get increased power 863 00:49:36,210 --> 00:49:40,360 because the parents, the elders 864 00:49:40,360 --> 00:49:45,203 are not able to communicate in the new macrosystem. 865 00:49:47,060 --> 00:49:48,200 The younger can 866 00:49:49,320 --> 00:49:53,390 and everybody has stories of immigrant families 867 00:49:53,390 --> 00:49:58,260 where children are answering the phone, 868 00:49:58,260 --> 00:50:00,970 children are opening and reading the mail 869 00:50:02,010 --> 00:50:04,420 and translating it 870 00:50:06,060 --> 00:50:07,403 for their parents. 871 00:50:08,260 --> 00:50:11,960 We have situations where children; 872 00:50:11,960 --> 00:50:14,500 third, fourth, fifth graders 873 00:50:14,500 --> 00:50:18,640 are going to their parents appointments, 874 00:50:18,640 --> 00:50:20,600 to their medical appointments, 875 00:50:20,600 --> 00:50:22,313 monitoring their healthcare, 876 00:50:23,320 --> 00:50:27,480 taking a role essentially as parent and guide 877 00:50:27,480 --> 00:50:29,530 for their parents 878 00:50:29,530 --> 00:50:33,750 and that is developmentally very interesting 879 00:50:33,750 --> 00:50:38,570 because we're supposed to be giving the kids power. 880 00:50:38,570 --> 00:50:40,360 It's supposed to be becoming balanced. 881 00:50:40,360 --> 00:50:43,440 And what happens is that kids get a lot 882 00:50:43,440 --> 00:50:47,645 and parents have very little in those cases, 883 00:50:47,645 --> 00:50:50,280 which distorts the family system 884 00:50:50,280 --> 00:50:52,140 and the normal parental role 885 00:50:53,010 --> 00:50:55,433 and it may last the rest of their lives. 886 00:50:56,570 --> 00:50:58,600 There are losses of traditional roles 887 00:50:58,600 --> 00:51:03,580 for parents and elders taking care of the family, 888 00:51:03,580 --> 00:51:05,740 passing on the culture. 889 00:51:05,740 --> 00:51:08,280 They may not be able to do that. 890 00:51:08,280 --> 00:51:10,530 And elders particularly who feel 891 00:51:10,530 --> 00:51:13,140 that everybody in the family is rejecting 892 00:51:14,000 --> 00:51:19,000 everything they have held dear for most of their lives. 893 00:51:21,360 --> 00:51:24,500 It's terrible loss for elders 894 00:51:24,500 --> 00:51:27,480 to feel useless, worthless 895 00:51:28,730 --> 00:51:30,580 and at a loss. 896 00:51:30,580 --> 00:51:33,580 They can't do what elders are supposed to do 897 00:51:34,420 --> 00:51:39,003 and that causes depression, stress, grief, anger. 898 00:51:39,860 --> 00:51:44,720 And if you think back, we have lots of sources of stress, 899 00:51:44,720 --> 00:51:47,390 lots of sources of grief, 900 00:51:47,390 --> 00:51:48,880 lots of causes 901 00:51:50,187 --> 00:51:52,810 of emotional upset 902 00:51:52,810 --> 00:51:54,653 in the family system. 903 00:51:55,740 --> 00:52:00,423 That all poses a mental health burden for the entire family. 904 00:52:01,750 --> 00:52:04,350 So, immigrant families, refugee families 905 00:52:04,350 --> 00:52:07,460 are often very fragile. 906 00:52:13,620 --> 00:52:17,580 Those who are adapting well, those who have resources, 907 00:52:17,580 --> 00:52:21,320 those who understand the process they're going through 908 00:52:21,320 --> 00:52:24,900 will be able to deal with those mental health issues. 909 00:52:24,900 --> 00:52:28,640 Those who don't have support, who don't understand, 910 00:52:28,640 --> 00:52:33,130 who don't have the experiences they need to adapt 911 00:52:33,130 --> 00:52:34,453 will be at risk. 912 00:52:35,490 --> 00:52:39,253 And another of my experiences was in college, 913 00:52:40,110 --> 00:52:42,540 volunteering at Boston State Hospital 914 00:52:43,530 --> 00:52:48,100 and in the unit where I volunteered for two years 915 00:52:49,990 --> 00:52:52,160 was a women's unit for people 916 00:52:52,160 --> 00:52:56,580 who were chronically mentally ill and were going to live 917 00:52:56,580 --> 00:52:59,263 the rest of their lives in the hospital probably. 918 00:53:01,010 --> 00:53:03,660 There were 120 women in that building 919 00:53:04,700 --> 00:53:07,830 with various forms of psychosis and... 920 00:53:12,193 --> 00:53:15,550 Anyway, a fairly large number 921 00:53:15,550 --> 00:53:17,840 of the women in that unit 922 00:53:19,260 --> 00:53:20,633 were immigrant women. 923 00:53:22,230 --> 00:53:24,200 They had come into the hospital 924 00:53:25,590 --> 00:53:28,860 at some point during their adaptation 925 00:53:28,860 --> 00:53:30,990 because they couldn't adapt. 926 00:53:30,990 --> 00:53:35,570 And we got to look at summaries of the cases 927 00:53:35,570 --> 00:53:39,980 and many of them at that particular time were Greek women 928 00:53:40,960 --> 00:53:43,640 and what had happened, 929 00:53:43,640 --> 00:53:47,090 and there were other stories like this in the hospital, 930 00:53:47,090 --> 00:53:51,370 was that the local Greek community had protected them 931 00:53:52,520 --> 00:53:55,030 and in the center of Boston. 932 00:53:55,030 --> 00:53:59,820 And the Greek community was a thriving immigrant community 933 00:54:00,700 --> 00:54:05,700 with Greek-speaking church, Greek Orthodox church, 934 00:54:06,340 --> 00:54:08,270 people who spoke Greek 935 00:54:08,270 --> 00:54:13,270 and urban renewal destroyed that neighborhood. 936 00:54:14,100 --> 00:54:16,670 The physical ecosystem 937 00:54:16,670 --> 00:54:21,670 that supported Greek families and Greek elders was destroyed 938 00:54:23,700 --> 00:54:27,163 to build some of Downtown Boston. 939 00:54:28,560 --> 00:54:31,310 And it was one of the early urban renewals. 940 00:54:31,310 --> 00:54:33,440 They didn't make any provision 941 00:54:33,440 --> 00:54:36,023 for keeping that community together. 942 00:54:38,595 --> 00:54:42,573 And the people were dispersed across the city. 943 00:54:44,730 --> 00:54:47,800 They lost their neighborhoods. 944 00:54:47,800 --> 00:54:52,083 They lost their support people, families, 945 00:54:53,620 --> 00:54:56,520 moved to different suburbs if they could 946 00:54:56,520 --> 00:55:01,520 and the people who were left alone or moved by themselves 947 00:55:02,561 --> 00:55:05,243 ended up in Boston State Hospital. 948 00:55:13,170 --> 00:55:16,850 And finally, and this is literally 949 00:55:16,850 --> 00:55:18,450 the last point I'm going to make 950 00:55:19,690 --> 00:55:23,230 is that the expectations and responsibility 951 00:55:23,230 --> 00:55:25,583 for the younger generation are changed. 952 00:55:27,330 --> 00:55:29,840 The younger generation in immigrant families 953 00:55:29,840 --> 00:55:34,760 is often expected to take care of their elders, and they do. 954 00:55:34,760 --> 00:55:38,570 They're expected to get educations, and they do. 955 00:55:38,570 --> 00:55:41,750 They're expected to work. 956 00:55:41,750 --> 00:55:46,633 They're expected to be good at adaptation. 957 00:55:47,620 --> 00:55:50,823 And they may or may not be. 958 00:55:52,799 --> 00:55:55,620 So, many young people, 959 00:55:55,620 --> 00:55:59,480 in the younger generation of immigrant and refugee families 960 00:55:59,480 --> 00:56:03,220 live with a set of expectations and responsibilities 961 00:56:04,280 --> 00:56:06,670 that are not common 962 00:56:08,170 --> 00:56:12,063 among people who grew up in the macrosystem. 963 00:56:13,640 --> 00:56:17,120 So, on campus you may know people 964 00:56:17,120 --> 00:56:20,323 who are younger generation immigrants, 965 00:56:21,320 --> 00:56:25,920 and talking with them about what their families expect 966 00:56:25,920 --> 00:56:28,180 and what they expect of themselves 967 00:56:29,180 --> 00:56:32,260 in regard to their parents, to their siblings, 968 00:56:32,260 --> 00:56:36,093 to their elders is a mind opener. 969 00:56:37,010 --> 00:56:37,900 And it suggests 970 00:56:37,900 --> 00:56:41,650 that the experience we have growing up adapting 971 00:56:44,678 --> 00:56:47,210 is a major factor 972 00:56:47,210 --> 00:56:49,393 in helping us become who we are. 973 00:56:52,660 --> 00:56:53,903 And we wish them well. 974 00:56:56,190 --> 00:56:59,870 All right, questions, comments, 975 00:56:59,870 --> 00:57:03,023 email me, I'll be happy to try to respond. 976 00:57:05,094 --> 00:57:08,893 And thanks for listening, stay safe.