1 00:00:05,750 --> 00:00:08,570 - Hello, and welcome 2 00:00:09,770 --> 00:00:14,770 to the next episode of HDFS 060. 3 00:00:17,840 --> 00:00:21,530 In this episode, I'm going to take us 4 00:00:21,530 --> 00:00:25,910 from the main body of the course, 5 00:00:25,910 --> 00:00:30,900 which has been about the typical 6 00:00:30,900 --> 00:00:33,993 or average or expectable family. 7 00:00:35,470 --> 00:00:40,470 And as I've pointed out before, 8 00:00:42,710 --> 00:00:45,283 not all families are the same. 9 00:00:46,710 --> 00:00:49,070 Now that we have laid the foundation 10 00:00:49,070 --> 00:00:54,070 for applying to develecology to families, 11 00:00:55,310 --> 00:00:58,780 we've practiced on families that are, in fact, 12 00:00:58,780 --> 00:01:02,410 pretty much the norm or the expectable 13 00:01:02,410 --> 00:01:07,170 or the family that we have experienced. 14 00:01:07,170 --> 00:01:09,570 But many of us have experienced families 15 00:01:09,570 --> 00:01:11,203 that are not typical. 16 00:01:12,170 --> 00:01:16,097 And it is an important point of the course 17 00:01:19,710 --> 00:01:23,870 that develecology applies to all families 18 00:01:23,870 --> 00:01:28,870 and that family scientists are necessarily engaged 19 00:01:30,890 --> 00:01:35,423 with families that are not the typical or the norm. 20 00:01:37,230 --> 00:01:41,710 And so I'd like to explore family diversity 21 00:01:41,710 --> 00:01:43,713 in this presentation. 22 00:01:44,700 --> 00:01:47,690 And I'm going to largely disappear 23 00:01:50,811 --> 00:01:53,443 once I get my PowerPoint set up. 24 00:01:54,604 --> 00:01:59,604 I'm going to disappear so that we can focus on the ideas, 25 00:02:00,240 --> 00:02:05,240 and I will be back at some point. 26 00:02:07,323 --> 00:02:11,183 Okay, so let's switch views. 27 00:02:13,570 --> 00:02:15,580 Put me up here for a minute, 28 00:02:15,580 --> 00:02:20,580 so you can see that I'm still here and move on. 29 00:02:25,540 --> 00:02:30,540 The reality is that there are many possible families. 30 00:02:33,310 --> 00:02:37,773 And as I just said, develecology applies to all of them. 31 00:02:40,687 --> 00:02:44,937 The possible families include many, many varieties, 32 00:02:47,270 --> 00:02:52,270 and I'm going to list, later, many of those differences 33 00:02:53,200 --> 00:02:55,700 because the differences are important 34 00:02:58,160 --> 00:03:03,160 as we look at families in societies and the ecosystem. 35 00:03:04,490 --> 00:03:09,490 So what we know is that there are many types, 36 00:03:12,820 --> 00:03:15,860 and I'm going to keep saying develecology 37 00:03:15,860 --> 00:03:17,353 applies to all of them. 38 00:03:20,080 --> 00:03:24,683 Cultures differ in what is valued, 39 00:03:25,880 --> 00:03:28,180 what is considered normal 40 00:03:28,180 --> 00:03:33,180 and what is devalued, discriminated against or forbidden. 41 00:03:34,420 --> 00:03:38,483 It's not that there is one kind of acceptable family. 42 00:03:39,470 --> 00:03:42,340 There are many kinds that are acceptable. 43 00:03:42,340 --> 00:03:46,130 There are many kinds that are discriminated against. 44 00:03:46,130 --> 00:03:49,733 And there are many differences among different macrosystems. 45 00:03:51,413 --> 00:03:54,420 What is valued in a particular macrosystem 46 00:03:54,420 --> 00:03:59,050 reflects what is done by the majority in that macrosystem, 47 00:03:59,050 --> 00:04:01,120 those who dominated. 48 00:04:01,120 --> 00:04:05,010 So it's important that we look at any particular macrosystem 49 00:04:05,890 --> 00:04:07,970 in terms of what is dominant, 50 00:04:07,970 --> 00:04:12,140 who is dominant and what are their values. 51 00:04:12,140 --> 00:04:16,300 Potentially every person, relationship, family 52 00:04:16,300 --> 00:04:20,040 or group that differs from the dominant version 53 00:04:20,040 --> 00:04:25,040 faces discrimination, disfavor, criticism and obstacles 54 00:04:26,230 --> 00:04:27,873 in the way of their development. 55 00:04:29,150 --> 00:04:34,150 Every -ism reflects the prejudice of a dominant group 56 00:04:34,880 --> 00:04:39,880 against a minority, whether it's sexism, racism, 57 00:04:40,130 --> 00:04:41,897 ageism, childism. 58 00:04:44,020 --> 00:04:46,310 The experiences of those who differ 59 00:04:46,310 --> 00:04:50,350 from the dominant will shape their development, 60 00:04:50,350 --> 00:04:54,580 their relationships, families and communities 61 00:04:55,730 --> 00:04:59,690 just as the experiences of those who are the dominant 62 00:04:59,690 --> 00:05:01,990 will shape their development. 63 00:05:01,990 --> 00:05:05,503 But their experiences may be different. 64 00:05:08,170 --> 00:05:11,743 Typical differs with the ecosystem. 65 00:05:12,590 --> 00:05:17,590 What is atypical in one ecosystem may be typical in another. 66 00:05:18,670 --> 00:05:22,560 These differences represent different macrosystems. 67 00:05:22,560 --> 00:05:26,090 Remember, the macrosystem is the consistencies. 68 00:05:26,090 --> 00:05:28,510 In this case, we're talking about consistencies 69 00:05:28,510 --> 00:05:31,303 or similarities across families. 70 00:05:32,730 --> 00:05:36,430 Particular differences maybe tolerated 71 00:05:36,430 --> 00:05:39,970 or even celebrated in one macrosystem 72 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:43,763 and discriminated against in another. 73 00:05:45,640 --> 00:05:48,770 Macrosystems also change. 74 00:05:48,770 --> 00:05:53,330 A difference may become more accepted or less accepted. 75 00:05:53,330 --> 00:05:57,963 Understanding the history is important. 76 00:05:59,590 --> 00:06:02,833 The bottom line, and this is where I will end up, 77 00:06:04,290 --> 00:06:07,860 is that whether a particular family is healthy 78 00:06:07,860 --> 00:06:10,390 or good for development, 79 00:06:10,390 --> 00:06:14,510 depends on the experiences its participants have 80 00:06:14,510 --> 00:06:17,660 in the relations, roles, activities 81 00:06:17,660 --> 00:06:21,250 and settings provided by that family 82 00:06:22,150 --> 00:06:26,023 and by the ecosystem the family exists in. 83 00:06:27,570 --> 00:06:30,600 A family's effect on development does not depend 84 00:06:30,600 --> 00:06:35,040 on its form or the particular identities 85 00:06:35,040 --> 00:06:37,543 or differences among its members. 86 00:06:39,040 --> 00:06:40,903 So it's not who you are. 87 00:06:42,460 --> 00:06:43,513 It's what you do. 88 00:06:44,650 --> 00:06:48,890 The macrosystem's transactions with family members 89 00:06:48,890 --> 00:06:52,770 may facilitate or hinder the family 90 00:06:52,770 --> 00:06:56,723 in providing appropriate experiences for development. 91 00:06:57,780 --> 00:07:02,780 So we have two sets of factors 92 00:07:03,020 --> 00:07:06,180 that determine whether a family is good 93 00:07:06,180 --> 00:07:08,233 for the people in it. 94 00:07:09,500 --> 00:07:12,823 And that is one set, 95 00:07:14,550 --> 00:07:16,530 the relations, roles, activities, 96 00:07:16,530 --> 00:07:20,210 the settings provided by the family, 97 00:07:20,210 --> 00:07:22,193 the experiences in those. 98 00:07:23,530 --> 00:07:28,530 And the second is how the macrosystem 99 00:07:29,670 --> 00:07:34,670 that family is in facilitates or hinders the family 100 00:07:36,060 --> 00:07:38,480 in providing appropriate experiences. 101 00:07:38,480 --> 00:07:43,090 So prejudice, discrimination, exclusion, 102 00:07:43,090 --> 00:07:48,090 hatred are all characteristics of the macrosystem 103 00:07:50,040 --> 00:07:53,560 that may interfere with the healthy development 104 00:07:53,560 --> 00:07:54,733 of the people in it. 105 00:07:56,220 --> 00:07:59,950 But that is the effect of the macrosystem, 106 00:07:59,950 --> 00:08:03,403 not the parents or other members of the family. 107 00:08:08,660 --> 00:08:11,323 All right, moving on. 108 00:08:12,420 --> 00:08:15,763 Let's look at a few different types of families. 109 00:08:16,920 --> 00:08:21,920 And I've pulled out of my random-access memory, 110 00:08:26,460 --> 00:08:31,460 the storage unit in my central processing unit in my head, 111 00:08:32,800 --> 00:08:35,820 about, I dunno, 30 different things 112 00:08:36,830 --> 00:08:38,483 on which families differ. 113 00:08:39,760 --> 00:08:42,870 And these are mostly things that researchers 114 00:08:42,870 --> 00:08:46,453 and clinicians have thought about. 115 00:08:47,530 --> 00:08:50,410 There's not much research on some of them, 116 00:08:50,410 --> 00:08:52,760 but they are the reasons 117 00:08:52,760 --> 00:08:56,550 that families differ from each other, 118 00:08:56,550 --> 00:08:59,120 the characteristics they differ on. 119 00:08:59,120 --> 00:09:02,533 And they may, in many cases, in some macrosystems, 120 00:09:03,860 --> 00:09:08,860 make the family a target of prejudice or discrimination. 121 00:09:10,320 --> 00:09:13,870 So let's go down through these. 122 00:09:13,870 --> 00:09:16,940 Age differences between partners. 123 00:09:16,940 --> 00:09:21,940 We have a set of ideas about who should be getting married, 124 00:09:22,430 --> 00:09:25,660 who should be in a relationship with whom. 125 00:09:25,660 --> 00:09:29,610 And when the relationship is between people 126 00:09:29,610 --> 00:09:32,913 who are at different stages in the lifespan, 127 00:09:33,940 --> 00:09:38,940 it may call the attention, that may call the attention, 128 00:09:39,200 --> 00:09:42,737 of people who are concerned about that. 129 00:09:42,737 --> 00:09:44,980 It's not that people have to be the same age, 130 00:09:44,980 --> 00:09:49,650 but they should maybe, we think, be at the same stage. 131 00:09:49,650 --> 00:09:54,450 So for example, a middle-aged man 132 00:09:54,450 --> 00:09:56,400 should probably not be in relationships 133 00:09:56,400 --> 00:09:59,633 with teenage women and vice versa. 134 00:10:01,600 --> 00:10:06,600 Similarly, we think about the age and the situation 135 00:10:08,000 --> 00:10:10,780 when sexual relations begin. 136 00:10:10,780 --> 00:10:14,170 In some cultures, sexual relations between partners 137 00:10:15,010 --> 00:10:20,010 begin very early, as soon as people enter puberty, 138 00:10:20,280 --> 00:10:22,563 in others, not 'til considerably later. 139 00:10:24,280 --> 00:10:28,290 The age and situation when childbearing begins. 140 00:10:28,290 --> 00:10:32,220 In some cultures, if you're not pregnant very quickly 141 00:10:33,330 --> 00:10:37,783 after the formation of a, or partnership for a couple, 142 00:10:39,740 --> 00:10:41,290 people begin to talk about you. 143 00:10:42,310 --> 00:10:45,110 In others, they'll talk about you 144 00:10:45,110 --> 00:10:47,233 because you're pregnant early. 145 00:10:49,100 --> 00:10:51,340 The spacing between children 146 00:10:52,370 --> 00:10:54,763 makes for differences between family, 147 00:10:56,070 --> 00:10:57,550 not just how many you have, 148 00:10:57,550 --> 00:11:01,560 but how quickly you have them and how far apart they are. 149 00:11:01,560 --> 00:11:03,410 And in our culture, for example, 150 00:11:03,410 --> 00:11:08,410 people often talk about the ideal spacing for children. 151 00:11:09,130 --> 00:11:12,570 And that ideal in our culture may be different 152 00:11:12,570 --> 00:11:14,983 from the ideal in other cultures. 153 00:11:16,440 --> 00:11:19,970 Ethnic and racial differences between parents 154 00:11:21,280 --> 00:11:22,633 are of interest. 155 00:11:24,140 --> 00:11:29,140 And I realize that ethnic is misspelled in that slide. 156 00:11:32,460 --> 00:11:33,523 Just ignore that. 157 00:11:34,740 --> 00:11:39,740 Ethnic and racial differences may produce biracial children. 158 00:11:40,180 --> 00:11:42,400 Children who come from parents 159 00:11:42,400 --> 00:11:45,993 of different ethnicities or races, 160 00:11:47,330 --> 00:11:50,370 and biracial children may face discrimination 161 00:11:51,240 --> 00:11:52,850 in some cultures. 162 00:11:52,850 --> 00:11:55,423 They're not tolerated in others, 163 00:11:56,290 --> 00:12:00,310 and their parents are roundly criticized 164 00:12:00,310 --> 00:12:01,763 and discriminated against. 165 00:12:02,800 --> 00:12:06,623 Religious differences between parents may be of concern. 166 00:12:08,790 --> 00:12:10,560 The origins of children. 167 00:12:10,560 --> 00:12:14,563 Are they the children of two biological parents? 168 00:12:15,970 --> 00:12:20,970 Was a surrogate involved in producing the child? 169 00:12:21,890 --> 00:12:24,490 Is the family adopting a child 170 00:12:24,490 --> 00:12:26,623 from a different set of parents? 171 00:12:27,640 --> 00:12:29,730 Or is this not even an adoption, 172 00:12:29,730 --> 00:12:32,970 but people raising somebody else's child, 173 00:12:32,970 --> 00:12:36,970 either with official sanction, as in the foster care system, 174 00:12:36,970 --> 00:12:40,050 or because the parents couldn't take care of them 175 00:12:40,050 --> 00:12:41,823 and another family took them in. 176 00:12:44,040 --> 00:12:46,693 Racial differences between the children, 177 00:12:48,520 --> 00:12:51,973 which may happen with adoptive parents, 178 00:12:53,030 --> 00:12:56,390 and differences between children and their parents 179 00:12:59,290 --> 00:13:01,083 may be of interest to people. 180 00:13:03,130 --> 00:13:06,210 People who are raising children alone may be of concern. 181 00:13:06,210 --> 00:13:09,620 A one parent family, 182 00:13:09,620 --> 00:13:11,590 whether that's by happenstance, 183 00:13:11,590 --> 00:13:15,320 some people have children and they just don't have partners 184 00:13:16,750 --> 00:13:17,583 and don't have them. 185 00:13:17,583 --> 00:13:19,950 Others do it by choice. 186 00:13:19,950 --> 00:13:24,353 And those relationships may be biological. 187 00:13:25,480 --> 00:13:26,460 They may be adoptive. 188 00:13:26,460 --> 00:13:28,420 They may be foster. 189 00:13:28,420 --> 00:13:33,200 And in some situations, in some states, for example, 190 00:13:33,200 --> 00:13:37,290 in this country, people who have no partners 191 00:13:37,290 --> 00:13:39,320 are not allowed to adopt. 192 00:13:39,320 --> 00:13:40,573 That's been changing. 193 00:13:44,550 --> 00:13:48,980 Is it a family with one non-heterosexual parent 194 00:13:48,980 --> 00:13:49,943 with children? 195 00:13:53,120 --> 00:13:57,663 And in some states, 196 00:14:00,390 --> 00:14:03,850 and through some agencies, non-heterosexual parents 197 00:14:03,850 --> 00:14:07,480 are not allowed to adopt children 198 00:14:08,480 --> 00:14:10,403 or to be foster parents. 199 00:14:13,751 --> 00:14:17,093 And so those are all differences among families. 200 00:14:19,560 --> 00:14:22,593 Now, when we move to the next group, 201 00:14:24,480 --> 00:14:27,210 it's divided only because of the size of the slide, 202 00:14:27,210 --> 00:14:29,680 not because there are categories. 203 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:31,010 You can see now that we're getting up 204 00:14:31,010 --> 00:14:34,823 to a pretty large number of different kinds of families. 205 00:14:36,120 --> 00:14:38,460 And that's the point. 206 00:14:38,460 --> 00:14:41,283 There are many, many different kinds of families. 207 00:14:42,130 --> 00:14:47,130 And again, all of them can be studied using develecology. 208 00:14:49,400 --> 00:14:52,880 I'm not going to go into detail on any of these 209 00:14:54,500 --> 00:14:57,090 because I can't figure out which ones 210 00:14:57,090 --> 00:14:59,703 would be most important to do that with. 211 00:15:00,730 --> 00:15:05,730 In fact, identifying a particular kind of family 212 00:15:06,830 --> 00:15:11,660 to be concerned about and need to have special research on 213 00:15:11,660 --> 00:15:16,660 suggests that we're looking at a macrosystem problem, 214 00:15:17,410 --> 00:15:19,220 not the families, 215 00:15:19,220 --> 00:15:22,230 but the values of people who are going to study them 216 00:15:22,230 --> 00:15:27,230 or identify them as needing to be of concern. 217 00:15:28,690 --> 00:15:30,720 So let's keep going. 218 00:15:30,720 --> 00:15:33,303 Same sex partners with children. 219 00:15:34,200 --> 00:15:39,200 Again, same sex partners may have difficulty conceiving, hm. 220 00:15:45,090 --> 00:15:50,090 They may be subject to regulations that say they can't adopt 221 00:15:51,180 --> 00:15:52,390 or be foster parents. 222 00:15:52,390 --> 00:15:53,223 That's changing. 223 00:15:53,223 --> 00:15:56,240 As I said, macrosystems change. 224 00:15:56,240 --> 00:15:57,893 And it's important that they do. 225 00:15:59,440 --> 00:16:03,720 Non-binary partners and parents 226 00:16:03,720 --> 00:16:05,910 create a different kind of family. 227 00:16:05,910 --> 00:16:08,513 Trans partners and parents, 228 00:16:09,380 --> 00:16:12,150 parents who changed gender, 229 00:16:12,150 --> 00:16:16,060 gender fluid parents and their partners 230 00:16:17,970 --> 00:16:20,773 and parents who changed genders after partnering. 231 00:16:22,670 --> 00:16:27,670 Many people change after they've had children, 232 00:16:28,960 --> 00:16:32,730 sometimes with the blessing of their spouses, 233 00:16:32,730 --> 00:16:34,093 sometimes without. 234 00:16:34,950 --> 00:16:39,600 Sometimes those changes are accepted by their children. 235 00:16:39,600 --> 00:16:41,283 Sometimes they are not. 236 00:16:42,980 --> 00:16:45,263 Those are macrosystem issues. 237 00:16:48,160 --> 00:16:52,993 Another set of groups, types, partners with disabilities. 238 00:16:53,990 --> 00:16:58,510 How do families get formed by people with disabilities? 239 00:16:58,510 --> 00:16:59,763 It happens all the time. 240 00:17:00,890 --> 00:17:03,983 Families who have children with disabilities. 241 00:17:04,920 --> 00:17:08,190 Families with children of both types, 242 00:17:08,190 --> 00:17:10,563 some with disabilities and some without. 243 00:17:13,210 --> 00:17:16,670 There are families changed by the death of a parent 244 00:17:17,930 --> 00:17:19,853 or by the death of a child. 245 00:17:20,860 --> 00:17:22,893 Those are two different kinds. 246 00:17:25,750 --> 00:17:30,750 And parents who are remarried after the death of a parent. 247 00:17:32,350 --> 00:17:35,090 And those are different from parents who remarried 248 00:17:35,090 --> 00:17:40,090 after divorce of the parents, 249 00:17:40,130 --> 00:17:44,260 because the number of parents in the family is different, 250 00:17:44,260 --> 00:17:47,793 if one has died, than it is if two have divorced. 251 00:17:48,980 --> 00:17:53,520 Blended families after death or divorce of parents. 252 00:17:53,520 --> 00:17:56,940 Blended means we put together two families. 253 00:17:56,940 --> 00:18:01,090 And usually we refer to those who have children 254 00:18:01,090 --> 00:18:02,993 from two sets of parents. 255 00:18:04,328 --> 00:18:06,610 Binuclear families. 256 00:18:06,610 --> 00:18:08,060 We know about the nuclear family. 257 00:18:08,060 --> 00:18:10,810 That's kind of the typical one that we've talked about, 258 00:18:11,730 --> 00:18:15,850 but binuclear are families that have two residences, 259 00:18:15,850 --> 00:18:19,583 two households and parents in each. 260 00:18:20,710 --> 00:18:25,710 Parents of a child who live in separate places 261 00:18:27,610 --> 00:18:29,363 create a binuclear family. 262 00:18:30,910 --> 00:18:35,053 We talked about those in the episode on divorce. 263 00:18:37,060 --> 00:18:41,230 Sometimes we have recombined binuclear families 264 00:18:41,230 --> 00:18:43,660 with step-siblings, half-siblings 265 00:18:44,510 --> 00:18:49,270 and full siblings sometimes as well. 266 00:18:49,270 --> 00:18:54,270 A recombined binuclear family is when two binuclear families 267 00:18:54,330 --> 00:18:59,330 get together, are joined by one of the parents in each. 268 00:19:01,930 --> 00:19:06,713 So now children may have three, or trinuclear family. 269 00:19:10,070 --> 00:19:13,223 We have families sharing residences. 270 00:19:15,220 --> 00:19:19,960 Two sets of parents or two parents and their children 271 00:19:19,960 --> 00:19:23,953 and a single parent and their children, 272 00:19:25,790 --> 00:19:29,270 they're co-resident families. 273 00:19:29,270 --> 00:19:32,780 They may just be sharing a family, but they're a household. 274 00:19:32,780 --> 00:19:36,920 And they have relationships with each other 275 00:19:36,920 --> 00:19:39,270 that may or may not be sexual. 276 00:19:39,270 --> 00:19:43,480 And their children are experiencing multiple adults 277 00:19:43,480 --> 00:19:46,393 in the household and children from different parents. 278 00:19:48,710 --> 00:19:52,720 We have extended families in a single residence. 279 00:19:52,720 --> 00:19:56,980 So we have, some of our families 280 00:19:56,980 --> 00:19:58,980 include more than two generations. 281 00:19:58,980 --> 00:20:01,393 Two generations would be parents and child. 282 00:20:02,300 --> 00:20:07,080 Extended family might include grandparents, 283 00:20:07,080 --> 00:20:08,750 grandchildren as well. 284 00:20:08,750 --> 00:20:10,740 So we have three generations. 285 00:20:10,740 --> 00:20:14,500 And it might include siblings of the parents. 286 00:20:14,500 --> 00:20:18,990 So you have great aunts, uncles, aunts and uncles, 287 00:20:18,990 --> 00:20:22,423 and cousins, all residing in a single place. 288 00:20:24,300 --> 00:20:26,480 That's a different kind of family. 289 00:20:26,480 --> 00:20:30,100 Common, very common in some macrosystems, 290 00:20:30,100 --> 00:20:32,963 not so much in the United States. 291 00:20:34,140 --> 00:20:38,723 We have parents with multiple partners, polygamy. 292 00:20:40,310 --> 00:20:45,310 So you might have one man, two or more women. 293 00:20:45,390 --> 00:20:49,020 You might have one woman, two or more men, 294 00:20:49,020 --> 00:20:54,020 and children from different parents, different combinations. 295 00:20:55,690 --> 00:20:58,940 The divorce counselors that I know 296 00:20:59,780 --> 00:21:04,780 are dealing more and more with situations of polygamy 297 00:21:05,170 --> 00:21:08,640 that occur after a divorce, 298 00:21:08,640 --> 00:21:11,820 when one of the parents with children will move in 299 00:21:11,820 --> 00:21:16,580 with a couple, perhaps with children, 300 00:21:16,580 --> 00:21:20,220 creating a threeple, three people, 301 00:21:20,220 --> 00:21:24,730 all of whom have relationships with each other 302 00:21:24,730 --> 00:21:28,933 and children, perhaps from both combinations. 303 00:21:30,000 --> 00:21:32,573 In some cases, we have fourples, 304 00:21:34,050 --> 00:21:38,020 people, two couples, who have joined together, 305 00:21:38,020 --> 00:21:42,520 or in some cases, a couple and two other adults 306 00:21:42,520 --> 00:21:44,780 from other families. 307 00:21:44,780 --> 00:21:47,723 So we have three original families, 308 00:21:48,590 --> 00:21:53,063 which now have members in the same household with children. 309 00:21:54,260 --> 00:21:59,260 And then we have an old form, fictive kin families. 310 00:22:01,280 --> 00:22:03,400 These are families that include people 311 00:22:03,400 --> 00:22:08,340 who are not related biologically or by marriage 312 00:22:08,340 --> 00:22:12,150 but who operate as members of the family 313 00:22:12,150 --> 00:22:15,050 and are considered members of the family. 314 00:22:15,050 --> 00:22:18,590 They may be people who have been family friends for years, 315 00:22:18,590 --> 00:22:21,810 who now reside with the family. 316 00:22:21,810 --> 00:22:26,410 They may be people who have an important role 317 00:22:26,410 --> 00:22:29,891 with one or more of the people in the family. 318 00:22:29,891 --> 00:22:33,390 Fictive means they're fictional, 319 00:22:33,390 --> 00:22:35,800 their kinship is fictional. 320 00:22:35,800 --> 00:22:40,800 I prefer to call them families with affiliated members, 321 00:22:42,980 --> 00:22:45,250 family of affiliation. 322 00:22:45,250 --> 00:22:48,610 I don't think they're fictional, but they're not biological. 323 00:22:48,610 --> 00:22:53,420 They're not legal relationships, but their affiliations. 324 00:22:53,420 --> 00:22:56,640 And those people may be very important 325 00:22:56,640 --> 00:23:00,840 to the individuals in the family and to the families. 326 00:23:00,840 --> 00:23:02,723 And it's functioning as a whole. 327 00:23:05,060 --> 00:23:10,060 Now those were the 30 or so that I pulled out of my hat 328 00:23:13,610 --> 00:23:15,363 in the space of half an hour. 329 00:23:17,000 --> 00:23:19,123 You can probably come up with more. 330 00:23:21,240 --> 00:23:26,163 The point will be still the same, that they are families. 331 00:23:27,230 --> 00:23:32,230 They are in charge of the development of the people in them. 332 00:23:32,630 --> 00:23:33,740 And they have a role 333 00:23:34,620 --> 00:23:37,433 in human development and in the community. 334 00:23:41,680 --> 00:23:46,393 Now within those types, there is more diversity. 335 00:23:48,010 --> 00:23:51,993 Each family type is a somewhat different system. 336 00:23:53,800 --> 00:23:55,490 That's our point. 337 00:23:55,490 --> 00:23:56,640 They will be different. 338 00:23:57,580 --> 00:24:00,620 But each type will include families 339 00:24:00,620 --> 00:24:03,033 whose systems operate differently, 340 00:24:03,880 --> 00:24:06,610 even though their origin and their structure 341 00:24:06,610 --> 00:24:08,420 are of the same type. 342 00:24:08,420 --> 00:24:13,413 So even two families, blended families, 343 00:24:15,760 --> 00:24:18,053 both resulting from divorce, 344 00:24:20,330 --> 00:24:23,100 parents from each family getting together 345 00:24:23,100 --> 00:24:24,870 with their children, 346 00:24:24,870 --> 00:24:28,680 repartnering, creating a household with people 347 00:24:28,680 --> 00:24:31,393 who were formally married to somebody else, 348 00:24:32,550 --> 00:24:35,573 those blended families are not all the same. 349 00:24:37,730 --> 00:24:38,940 They will differ. 350 00:24:38,940 --> 00:24:41,100 Their systems will operate differently, 351 00:24:41,100 --> 00:24:43,913 even though they're the same type. 352 00:24:46,000 --> 00:24:49,890 And that introduces a very important point, 353 00:24:49,890 --> 00:24:52,610 that families have a form. 354 00:24:52,610 --> 00:24:54,550 They have a structure, 355 00:24:54,550 --> 00:24:57,363 and I've listed these dozens of them. 356 00:24:59,110 --> 00:25:01,923 But the form is not what's important. 357 00:25:03,090 --> 00:25:05,073 The form is how they're structured. 358 00:25:07,560 --> 00:25:09,913 And that brings us to a very important point. 359 00:25:11,970 --> 00:25:16,023 The form is not what is important. 360 00:25:17,150 --> 00:25:20,610 It is how the family operates 361 00:25:21,470 --> 00:25:24,283 that determines how people develop in it. 362 00:25:25,570 --> 00:25:27,950 For many, many centuries, 363 00:25:27,950 --> 00:25:32,360 I don't know how long, we have referred, in our macrosystem, 364 00:25:32,360 --> 00:25:33,883 to broken families, 365 00:25:35,220 --> 00:25:37,653 families where people have divorced. 366 00:25:39,310 --> 00:25:42,543 In my view, broken means a family doesn't work. 367 00:25:43,730 --> 00:25:45,680 It doesn't refer to whether or not 368 00:25:45,680 --> 00:25:47,230 the parents are married or not. 369 00:25:48,200 --> 00:25:53,200 It doesn't refer to whether they live together or not. 370 00:25:56,110 --> 00:26:00,450 A family is broken if it doesn't serve the purposes 371 00:26:00,450 --> 00:26:04,903 of developing and protecting the people who are in it. 372 00:26:07,172 --> 00:26:10,057 And that depends, not on the form 373 00:26:11,130 --> 00:26:12,570 or the history of the family, 374 00:26:12,570 --> 00:26:17,050 it depends on the system of relationships 375 00:26:17,050 --> 00:26:21,383 and activities, the microsystem, that the family puts up. 376 00:26:23,529 --> 00:26:25,700 So I'm gonna keep harping on that point. 377 00:26:25,700 --> 00:26:27,150 It's not the form. 378 00:26:27,150 --> 00:26:28,303 It's the function. 379 00:26:31,180 --> 00:26:33,960 Each family type will be affected 380 00:26:33,960 --> 00:26:36,573 by differences in socioeconomic status. 381 00:26:37,920 --> 00:26:40,330 Poor families are different from affluent families, 382 00:26:40,330 --> 00:26:42,313 even if they have the same structure. 383 00:26:44,940 --> 00:26:48,850 Families will be affected by their extended families. 384 00:26:48,850 --> 00:26:51,030 It depends on who you're related to 385 00:26:51,030 --> 00:26:52,743 and how they interact with you, 386 00:26:54,160 --> 00:26:57,730 and their system will reflect the understanding 387 00:26:57,730 --> 00:27:00,993 and expectations they have developed, 388 00:27:01,890 --> 00:27:05,103 during their development, in their families of origin. 389 00:27:05,980 --> 00:27:08,840 So we're putting together different families 390 00:27:10,080 --> 00:27:13,210 into perhaps two different families 391 00:27:13,210 --> 00:27:17,280 that have very similar form, but operate quite differently, 392 00:27:17,280 --> 00:27:19,210 because the affect is different. 393 00:27:19,210 --> 00:27:22,030 The level of reciprocity is different. 394 00:27:22,030 --> 00:27:26,040 The way they use power is different. 395 00:27:26,040 --> 00:27:28,970 The experiences they provide for children, 396 00:27:28,970 --> 00:27:29,970 those are different. 397 00:27:30,940 --> 00:27:34,010 So even the same type of families 398 00:27:34,010 --> 00:27:36,453 will show a great deal of diversity. 399 00:27:38,020 --> 00:27:40,470 And each family within a type 400 00:27:40,470 --> 00:27:42,383 will be affected by their macrosystem, 401 00:27:44,620 --> 00:27:48,433 by how many families like them, they interact with, 402 00:27:49,611 --> 00:27:52,540 and by the degree to which they're valued or not 403 00:27:52,540 --> 00:27:53,833 by their community. 404 00:27:55,100 --> 00:28:00,100 So three or four families may be of the same type, 405 00:28:01,520 --> 00:28:04,320 but their macrosystem and their ecosystems 406 00:28:04,320 --> 00:28:07,800 and their value in that ecosystem 407 00:28:08,940 --> 00:28:11,583 will help them to be different. 408 00:28:13,110 --> 00:28:18,110 So I hope it's not seeming too much 409 00:28:18,310 --> 00:28:23,310 like studying family sciences is impossible, 410 00:28:26,060 --> 00:28:29,530 because we can study the systems. 411 00:28:29,530 --> 00:28:32,430 We can study the effect on development, 412 00:28:32,430 --> 00:28:34,790 regardless of the forms. 413 00:28:34,790 --> 00:28:36,620 And it's important to look at the forms 414 00:28:36,620 --> 00:28:40,240 because there are some similar difficulties 415 00:28:40,240 --> 00:28:43,883 that they may face in a particular macrosystem. 416 00:28:47,940 --> 00:28:52,920 And every family exists in a context. 417 00:28:52,920 --> 00:28:56,650 And those contexts, as I've tried to lay out, 418 00:28:56,650 --> 00:28:57,883 may be very different. 419 00:28:59,260 --> 00:29:02,210 Every family, no matter its type 420 00:29:02,210 --> 00:29:06,537 or its ecosystem can be studied using develecology. 421 00:29:07,810 --> 00:29:11,300 Every person in every family will be adapting 422 00:29:11,300 --> 00:29:14,110 to the experiences had in that family 423 00:29:15,120 --> 00:29:18,073 and will be shaped by those experiences. 424 00:29:19,180 --> 00:29:24,040 Ultimately, the development of each person will reflect 425 00:29:24,040 --> 00:29:26,800 how the relations, the roles and activities, 426 00:29:26,800 --> 00:29:30,010 the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem 427 00:29:30,010 --> 00:29:33,920 and macrosystem experienced by the person 428 00:29:33,920 --> 00:29:36,823 supports the person's development. 429 00:29:39,310 --> 00:29:44,310 So ecology is a fundamental part of development, 430 00:29:47,390 --> 00:29:50,093 and we have to look at the ecosystem. 431 00:29:55,130 --> 00:29:57,320 And back to the bottom line. 432 00:29:57,320 --> 00:30:00,420 Whether a particular family is healthy 433 00:30:00,420 --> 00:30:02,220 or good for development 434 00:30:02,220 --> 00:30:05,570 depends on the experiences its participants have 435 00:30:06,520 --> 00:30:08,280 in the relations, roles, activities 436 00:30:08,280 --> 00:30:10,230 and settings provided by that family 437 00:30:10,230 --> 00:30:12,893 and by the ecosystem the family exists in. 438 00:30:13,910 --> 00:30:16,600 A family's effect on development 439 00:30:16,600 --> 00:30:21,600 does not depend on its form or the particular identities 440 00:30:22,520 --> 00:30:24,823 or differences among its members. 441 00:30:26,130 --> 00:30:29,840 The macrosystem's transactions with family members 442 00:30:29,840 --> 00:30:32,810 may facilitate or hinder the family 443 00:30:32,810 --> 00:30:37,003 in providing appropriate experiences for development. 444 00:30:38,270 --> 00:30:43,270 Those who value human development value families. 445 00:30:44,620 --> 00:30:47,500 Those who value families 446 00:30:47,500 --> 00:30:52,500 work to make their macrosystems value families. 447 00:31:02,470 --> 00:31:03,303 Thank you. 448 00:31:06,070 --> 00:31:10,380 And I'll be happy to entertain questions. 449 00:31:10,380 --> 00:31:15,380 Email me, ask in discussion group this week. 450 00:31:17,510 --> 00:31:18,343 Stay healthy.