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Hi everyone, and welcome to
Module 5 of Epidemiology 2.

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Now that we've reviewed epi study designs,

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measures of disease
frequency and association,

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and some of the inferential statistics,

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we're going to turn our attention

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to threats to internal validity.

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This is what we'll be spending pretty much

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the rest of this course talking about.

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If you remember back to Epidemiology 1,

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threats to internal validity include bias,

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confounding, effect
modification or interaction,

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and also random chance.

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We're going to start here in Module 5

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by talking about bias.

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Bias is inherent to our study designs.

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It's not something that we can control for

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or adjust for in our analysis
after the study is complete.

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So we have to be really
careful in our study design

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to minimize bias as
much as we possibly can.

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If you have questions, please reach out.

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I'll see you in the next module.

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Take care.