WEBVTT 1 00:00:00.540 --> 00:00:02.010 Hi, everyone. 2 00:00:02.010 --> 00:00:03.450 In today's video, 3 00:00:03.450 --> 00:00:06.810 we are going to walk through finding and selecting 4 00:00:06.810 --> 00:00:10.050 scientific and epidemiological articles 5 00:00:10.050 --> 00:00:11.910 that we'll use throughout the course. 6 00:00:11.910 --> 00:00:14.010 So, in a number of the assignments 7 00:00:14.010 --> 00:00:17.790 spanning the discussion board, the commentary piece, 8 00:00:17.790 --> 00:00:21.810 your final presentations, and the literature review, 9 00:00:21.810 --> 00:00:25.440 you'll need to go into the primary literature 10 00:00:25.440 --> 00:00:26.580 and look for studies 11 00:00:26.580 --> 00:00:29.130 concerning different cancer topics of interest 12 00:00:29.130 --> 00:00:32.100 and the epidemiology of specific cancer topics. 13 00:00:32.100 --> 00:00:34.860 So, after you select your topics for the presentation 14 00:00:34.860 --> 00:00:36.930 at the beginning of the course, for example, 15 00:00:36.930 --> 00:00:38.220 and while you're conducting 16 00:00:38.220 --> 00:00:39.810 the literature review assignment, 17 00:00:39.810 --> 00:00:42.810 you'll need to dig into some databases 18 00:00:42.810 --> 00:00:46.560 to look for articles 19 00:00:46.560 --> 00:00:49.860 that are going to support your final presentations. 20 00:00:49.860 --> 00:00:53.430 So, we're here on the National Library of Medicine website 21 00:00:53.430 --> 00:00:55.230 looking at the PubMed database, 22 00:00:55.230 --> 00:00:59.370 and I'm gonna walk you through some of the tips and tricks 23 00:00:59.370 --> 00:01:02.820 for finding and selecting articles 24 00:01:02.820 --> 00:01:05.343 that we'll use for these different assignments. 25 00:01:06.390 --> 00:01:08.040 And so, I think it's easiest to do that 26 00:01:08.040 --> 00:01:10.170 if we use an example. 27 00:01:10.170 --> 00:01:14.610 And for this example, I will search for articles 28 00:01:14.610 --> 00:01:17.100 about a topic that I'm somewhat familiar with, 29 00:01:17.100 --> 00:01:19.080 so we'll be looking for articles 30 00:01:19.080 --> 00:01:21.960 about breast cancer prevention in Syria. 31 00:01:21.960 --> 00:01:23.430 And so, to begin with, 32 00:01:23.430 --> 00:01:26.310 I'm gonna navigate to this center search box 33 00:01:26.310 --> 00:01:30.963 and just type in breast cancer prevention in Syria. 34 00:01:34.260 --> 00:01:35.910 And then, we'll search, 35 00:01:35.910 --> 00:01:38.283 and we see here that there's 15 results. 36 00:01:39.420 --> 00:01:43.350 We see some important information on the left side, 37 00:01:43.350 --> 00:01:45.300 so and some different filtering options. 38 00:01:45.300 --> 00:01:48.150 So, here we see we can sort by year, 39 00:01:48.150 --> 00:01:50.490 so the first article that came up by the search 40 00:01:50.490 --> 00:01:52.440 was published in 1971, 41 00:01:52.440 --> 00:01:55.260 the most recent article in 2023. 42 00:01:55.260 --> 00:01:57.300 If I play with these circles, 43 00:02:01.020 --> 00:02:03.240 I can improve the search area. 44 00:02:03.240 --> 00:02:06.750 So, for example, I think here I'm primarily interested 45 00:02:06.750 --> 00:02:11.190 in more recent data and more recent articles 46 00:02:11.190 --> 00:02:16.190 so I'm going to move the bar to about the mid-2000s. 47 00:02:17.160 --> 00:02:18.960 That way I'll get this 48 00:02:18.960 --> 00:02:21.390 all of these articles that have been published 49 00:02:21.390 --> 00:02:23.187 between 2007 and 2023. 50 00:02:23.187 --> 00:02:25.200 And we see now that there's 13 results, 51 00:02:25.200 --> 00:02:28.620 so two articles of the initial 15 were eliminated. 52 00:02:28.620 --> 00:02:32.100 Next, we see on this left side 53 00:02:32.100 --> 00:02:35.820 that the text availability so of these articles, 54 00:02:35.820 --> 00:02:37.140 is the abstract available, 55 00:02:37.140 --> 00:02:40.410 is the full text available for free, 56 00:02:40.410 --> 00:02:43.890 or is the full text available in some other format 57 00:02:43.890 --> 00:02:46.530 or not for free behind some paywall? 58 00:02:46.530 --> 00:02:48.420 And for these, I'm gonna leave these alone 59 00:02:48.420 --> 00:02:51.540 because even if the full text isn't available for free 60 00:02:51.540 --> 00:02:52.800 on this database, 61 00:02:52.800 --> 00:02:55.710 I might be able to look it up on the UVM Medical Library 62 00:02:55.710 --> 00:02:58.020 and be able to access it for free. 63 00:02:58.020 --> 00:02:59.820 Next, we see that there's a couple 64 00:02:59.820 --> 00:03:01.260 of different article types listed, 65 00:03:01.260 --> 00:03:04.320 so books and documents, clinical trials, meta-analysis, 66 00:03:04.320 --> 00:03:07.473 randomized control trials, reviews, and systematic reviews. 67 00:03:08.430 --> 00:03:10.680 For these assignments, we're mostly gonna be focusing 68 00:03:10.680 --> 00:03:14.460 on articles that discuss randomized control trials, 69 00:03:14.460 --> 00:03:17.430 clinical trials, books and documents. 70 00:03:17.430 --> 00:03:19.920 These meta-analysis, reviews, and systematic reviews 71 00:03:19.920 --> 00:03:20.760 are going to be great 72 00:03:20.760 --> 00:03:25.590 for looking to see a breadth of different articles 73 00:03:25.590 --> 00:03:28.590 that all discuss your topic of interest. 74 00:03:28.590 --> 00:03:29.790 And then, once you find 75 00:03:29.790 --> 00:03:31.860 a review article or systematic review, 76 00:03:31.860 --> 00:03:34.470 you then can find the individual citations 77 00:03:34.470 --> 00:03:37.740 of the articles that were examined as part of that review 78 00:03:37.740 --> 00:03:39.993 and read the original articles. 79 00:03:41.070 --> 00:03:43.980 And then here, another option for limiting publication date 80 00:03:43.980 --> 00:03:47.610 to the one year prior, five years prior, or 10 years prior. 81 00:03:47.610 --> 00:03:50.250 But because there's not that many articles 82 00:03:50.250 --> 00:03:52.950 involved in this search right now, there's only 13, 83 00:03:52.950 --> 00:03:55.200 I'm gonna take some time to go through them. 84 00:03:55.200 --> 00:03:58.710 We also see up here in the display options, 85 00:03:58.710 --> 00:04:01.500 we can sort or we can display the summaries of the articles, 86 00:04:01.500 --> 00:04:05.040 the abstracts, and then some PubMed metadata 87 00:04:05.040 --> 00:04:06.420 or the PubMed ID. 88 00:04:06.420 --> 00:04:10.290 I'm gonna leave it displaying the summary of the article 89 00:04:10.290 --> 00:04:12.060 because that shows some key information, 90 00:04:12.060 --> 00:04:13.890 including the title, the authors, 91 00:04:13.890 --> 00:04:16.500 the journal in which the article is published, 92 00:04:16.500 --> 00:04:17.760 the publication date, 93 00:04:17.760 --> 00:04:21.510 and then the first few lines of the abstract. 94 00:04:21.510 --> 00:04:23.880 I'm going to continue sorting it by most recent 95 00:04:23.880 --> 00:04:28.880 and leave it as displaying 10 per page. 96 00:04:29.520 --> 00:04:30.353 Okay, great. 97 00:04:30.353 --> 00:04:33.150 So, to begin looking at the searches, 98 00:04:33.150 --> 00:04:35.520 we see this first article is about breast cancer beliefs 99 00:04:35.520 --> 00:04:38.010 and screening practices among Syrian refugee women 100 00:04:38.010 --> 00:04:39.780 and Jordanian women. 101 00:04:39.780 --> 00:04:41.280 It has some authors, 102 00:04:41.280 --> 00:04:44.340 none of their names are initially familiar to me. 103 00:04:44.340 --> 00:04:47.460 And the reason that I bring up the authors of the article 104 00:04:47.460 --> 00:04:50.370 is because sometimes depending on the geographic region, 105 00:04:50.370 --> 00:04:54.420 or the population, or a specific method, 106 00:04:54.420 --> 00:04:55.770 or a specific type of cancer, 107 00:04:55.770 --> 00:04:58.080 there may not be many researchers working on that 108 00:04:58.080 --> 00:05:00.990 so you may see the same person's name over and over again 109 00:05:00.990 --> 00:05:02.280 in different articles. 110 00:05:02.280 --> 00:05:05.280 They might be one of your colleagues now or in the future, 111 00:05:05.280 --> 00:05:07.260 so it's always interesting to look. 112 00:05:07.260 --> 00:05:10.050 And then, as we'll see later on in this video, 113 00:05:10.050 --> 00:05:12.780 it's possible to see where each author 114 00:05:12.780 --> 00:05:14.190 of an article is affiliated with, 115 00:05:14.190 --> 00:05:16.800 or their university, or their institution. 116 00:05:16.800 --> 00:05:19.350 So, for example, we might know if an article 117 00:05:19.350 --> 00:05:21.870 and if the study was conducted by people within a country, 118 00:05:21.870 --> 00:05:26.670 within a community, or somewhere international. 119 00:05:26.670 --> 00:05:30.210 We also might know whether it was a mix of authors 120 00:05:30.210 --> 00:05:31.380 from different institutions 121 00:05:31.380 --> 00:05:33.363 or all from the same institution. 122 00:05:34.230 --> 00:05:35.670 And we might also know, 123 00:05:35.670 --> 00:05:37.650 or we might be able to glean from that information 124 00:05:37.650 --> 00:05:38.970 if a particular institution 125 00:05:38.970 --> 00:05:41.703 has a lot of research ongoing in one area. 126 00:05:42.780 --> 00:05:45.570 So, next we see the name of the journal 127 00:05:45.570 --> 00:05:46.680 that the article was published in, 128 00:05:46.680 --> 00:05:48.120 so here's the International Journal 129 00:05:48.120 --> 00:05:50.310 of Environmental Research and Public Health. 130 00:05:50.310 --> 00:05:52.680 We see that it was published in February of 2023, 131 00:05:52.680 --> 00:05:55.380 so it was published quite recently. 132 00:05:55.380 --> 00:05:58.050 And we can read the first couple of sentences 133 00:05:58.050 --> 00:06:00.690 of the abstract right here. 134 00:06:00.690 --> 00:06:03.330 So, I see that this article is going to discuss 135 00:06:03.330 --> 00:06:04.950 breast cancer beliefs and screening practices 136 00:06:04.950 --> 00:06:08.430 amongst Syrian refugee women and Jordanian women. 137 00:06:08.430 --> 00:06:11.790 And I am, for example, looking for information 138 00:06:11.790 --> 00:06:14.880 about prevention, less about screening, 139 00:06:14.880 --> 00:06:17.070 but more about upstream factors 140 00:06:17.070 --> 00:06:19.320 that people might partake in 141 00:06:19.320 --> 00:06:22.860 or avoid in order to prevent breast cancer 142 00:06:22.860 --> 00:06:24.600 at the primary level. 143 00:06:24.600 --> 00:06:26.730 So, next I'll look at the next article. 144 00:06:26.730 --> 00:06:27.930 Again, I look at the authors, 145 00:06:27.930 --> 00:06:29.580 I don't recognize any of their names. 146 00:06:29.580 --> 00:06:32.850 I see that it was published in 2022 in June, 147 00:06:32.850 --> 00:06:36.150 so about a year went by or a little over a year went by 148 00:06:36.150 --> 00:06:38.820 between the publication of these two articles. 149 00:06:38.820 --> 00:06:40.970 And I see that this article is really about 150 00:06:42.000 --> 00:06:44.460 is more of a medical or clinical article 151 00:06:44.460 --> 00:06:47.820 and less of an epidemiological and public health article 152 00:06:47.820 --> 00:06:48.840 than what I'm looking for. 153 00:06:48.840 --> 00:06:50.820 So, for example, and we see that reflected 154 00:06:50.820 --> 00:06:51.780 in the name of the journal, 155 00:06:51.780 --> 00:06:53.583 the Journal of Medical Case Reports. 156 00:06:55.260 --> 00:06:56.790 This could be an interesting article, 157 00:06:56.790 --> 00:06:58.380 it's titled Cancer in Five Countries 158 00:06:58.380 --> 00:06:59.850 of the Eastern Mediterranean Region: 159 00:06:59.850 --> 00:07:02.940 Epidemiological Trends and Risk Implications. 160 00:07:02.940 --> 00:07:06.330 But at the same time, we see it's quite broad 161 00:07:06.330 --> 00:07:09.240 so it's gonna talk about cancer in five countries, 162 00:07:09.240 --> 00:07:12.630 it's not specific to Syria 163 00:07:12.630 --> 00:07:14.580 and it's not specific to breast cancer. 164 00:07:15.690 --> 00:07:17.580 Here we see that this article assessment 165 00:07:17.580 --> 00:07:19.920 of breast cancer risk among Iraqi women in 2019 166 00:07:19.920 --> 00:07:23.730 is very specific to both breast cancer and to Iraqi women, 167 00:07:23.730 --> 00:07:27.063 though we are looking for information about Syrian women. 168 00:07:28.170 --> 00:07:30.810 Similarly, we see here the effect of health education 169 00:07:30.810 --> 00:07:33.000 given to Syrian refugee women in their own language 170 00:07:33.000 --> 00:07:35.790 on awareness of breast and cervical cancer in Turkey, 171 00:07:35.790 --> 00:07:37.890 a randomized controlled trial. 172 00:07:37.890 --> 00:07:39.540 So, here we see that the study design 173 00:07:39.540 --> 00:07:43.650 is actually listed in the title of the article. 174 00:07:43.650 --> 00:07:45.570 We see that it's about Syrian women 175 00:07:45.570 --> 00:07:46.890 and who are living in Turkey 176 00:07:46.890 --> 00:07:49.740 and we see that it focuses on breast and cervical cancer. 177 00:07:50.580 --> 00:07:53.220 So, rather than going through all 13 hits in this search, 178 00:07:53.220 --> 00:07:54.963 I'm going to return to the first, 179 00:07:56.490 --> 00:07:58.410 the first article because it seems like this one 180 00:07:58.410 --> 00:08:00.000 might be an interesting article to read 181 00:08:00.000 --> 00:08:01.300 for our literature review. 182 00:08:02.220 --> 00:08:04.260 So, as I mentioned before, 183 00:08:04.260 --> 00:08:06.630 we'll see the the name of the journal, 184 00:08:06.630 --> 00:08:07.830 the date it was published, 185 00:08:07.830 --> 00:08:11.070 the title, and the names of the authors all replicated here. 186 00:08:11.070 --> 00:08:14.700 And then, this useful button Affiliations expand, 187 00:08:14.700 --> 00:08:18.510 we can click on to look at where all these people are based. 188 00:08:18.510 --> 00:08:21.900 So, we see that the author with the affiliation 189 00:08:21.900 --> 00:08:25.620 or the authors with the affiliation one are from Houston. 190 00:08:25.620 --> 00:08:26.940 We see that there's someone 191 00:08:26.940 --> 00:08:29.820 from the Jordan University of Science and Technology. 192 00:08:29.820 --> 00:08:31.530 We see that someone 193 00:08:31.530 --> 00:08:36.530 is from MD Anderson Cancer Center in Houston as well. 194 00:08:37.140 --> 00:08:39.180 So, a lot of Houston-based researchers 195 00:08:39.180 --> 00:08:41.760 and then some Jordanian-based researchers. 196 00:08:41.760 --> 00:08:44.400 Here, again, we get a chance to view the abstract, 197 00:08:44.400 --> 00:08:46.110 though rather than just the first few lines, 198 00:08:46.110 --> 00:08:48.210 we get to read the whole thing. 199 00:08:48.210 --> 00:08:50.340 So, scanning the abstract, 200 00:08:50.340 --> 00:08:54.360 we see that this article is going to discuss 201 00:08:54.360 --> 00:08:58.170 Syrian refugee woman and Jordanian woman and compare them, 202 00:08:58.170 --> 00:08:59.340 and they're living close 203 00:08:59.340 --> 00:09:02.073 to the Syrian-Jordanian border city of Ar-Ramtha. 204 00:09:03.630 --> 00:09:05.040 We see that it uses the tool 205 00:09:05.040 --> 00:09:06.870 the Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire, 206 00:09:06.870 --> 00:09:09.810 the Breast Cancer Screening Beliefs Questionnaire, 207 00:09:09.810 --> 00:09:12.570 and that the n-value was 138 208 00:09:12.570 --> 00:09:14.100 for the Syrian refugee women group 209 00:09:14.100 --> 00:09:17.520 and the 160 for the Jordanian woman group. 210 00:09:17.520 --> 00:09:19.620 Some basic demographic statistics 211 00:09:19.620 --> 00:09:22.920 of the study sample are reported here 212 00:09:22.920 --> 00:09:25.290 as well as some of the p-values 213 00:09:25.290 --> 00:09:28.200 and confidence intervals for the main findings. 214 00:09:28.200 --> 00:09:30.270 So, here we see that Syrian refugee women 215 00:09:30.270 --> 00:09:32.280 and Jordanian women reported low attitudes 216 00:09:32.280 --> 00:09:34.140 towards general health checkup. 217 00:09:34.140 --> 00:09:37.117 The mean score for Syrian refugees is 45.6 218 00:09:37.117 --> 00:09:41.070 versus 42.04 among Jordanian women 219 00:09:41.070 --> 00:09:44.670 with a p-value of .150. 220 00:09:44.670 --> 00:09:47.250 We see that Syrian refugees encounter higher barriers 221 00:09:47.250 --> 00:09:50.610 for breast cancer screening than Jordanian women. 222 00:09:50.610 --> 00:09:52.260 And that women with higher education 223 00:09:52.260 --> 00:09:55.023 were more likely to report fewer barriers to screening. 224 00:09:55.890 --> 00:09:58.590 We see too, at the very end of the abstract, 225 00:09:58.590 --> 00:10:01.950 some future steps that future studies might take. 226 00:10:01.950 --> 00:10:06.600 And this can be important both in crafting your presentation 227 00:10:06.600 --> 00:10:09.480 when identifying a gap in the literature 228 00:10:09.480 --> 00:10:12.240 and something that you might decide to propose 229 00:10:12.240 --> 00:10:13.830 as the presentation, 230 00:10:13.830 --> 00:10:17.370 and it also can be an interesting angle 231 00:10:17.370 --> 00:10:19.680 to take in your commentary piece. 232 00:10:19.680 --> 00:10:22.740 If numerous articles are saying that there's a gap 233 00:10:22.740 --> 00:10:24.420 in the literature. 234 00:10:24.420 --> 00:10:26.490 As, for example, here it's saying that the study 235 00:10:26.490 --> 00:10:27.870 documents a significant lack 236 00:10:27.870 --> 00:10:29.370 of breast cancer screening awareness 237 00:10:29.370 --> 00:10:31.920 among Syrian refugee women and Jordanian women, 238 00:10:31.920 --> 00:10:33.540 indicating that future work is needed 239 00:10:33.540 --> 00:10:36.090 to alter current attitudes toward mammograms 240 00:10:36.090 --> 00:10:38.130 and early detection measures. 241 00:10:38.130 --> 00:10:40.110 You could write a commentary 242 00:10:40.110 --> 00:10:43.470 talking about the need for decreasing stigma 243 00:10:43.470 --> 00:10:47.370 associated with mammograms and increasing the uptake 244 00:10:47.370 --> 00:10:50.100 of mammograms through community education programs 245 00:10:50.100 --> 00:10:51.270 or through school 246 00:10:51.270 --> 00:10:54.003 or university best based education programs. 247 00:10:55.230 --> 00:10:59.730 In contrast to a potential angle for the commentary piece, 248 00:10:59.730 --> 00:11:02.250 looking at this article and formulating a hypothesis 249 00:11:02.250 --> 00:11:06.750 or formulating a project proposal for your presentation 250 00:11:06.750 --> 00:11:11.010 for this course, you could propose a research project 251 00:11:11.010 --> 00:11:16.010 on really understanding current attitudes towards mammograms 252 00:11:17.190 --> 00:11:20.430 and what the rationale or what the reasons are 253 00:11:20.430 --> 00:11:22.710 behind this lack of breast cancer screening awareness. 254 00:11:22.710 --> 00:11:25.080 So, there is a lack of awareness, what is it? 255 00:11:25.080 --> 00:11:26.910 What are the barriers? 256 00:11:26.910 --> 00:11:29.730 And that's all we know from reading this abstract. 257 00:11:29.730 --> 00:11:32.190 Certainly by reading the article, 258 00:11:32.190 --> 00:11:35.700 the article might touch upon some of the possible barriers, 259 00:11:35.700 --> 00:11:37.920 but you could certainly propose examining barriers 260 00:11:37.920 --> 00:11:39.000 to breast cancer screening 261 00:11:39.000 --> 00:11:42.090 in this context in a different context, 262 00:11:42.090 --> 00:11:45.270 in Syrian refugee women living in a different country. 263 00:11:45.270 --> 00:11:46.890 There's numerous possibilities 264 00:11:46.890 --> 00:11:49.110 and directions to go with this. 265 00:11:49.110 --> 00:11:51.600 The last two pieces that I'll note 266 00:11:51.600 --> 00:11:53.760 when looking at this screen 267 00:11:53.760 --> 00:11:56.010 is this very useful button called Cite. 268 00:11:56.010 --> 00:11:58.020 So, if you click on Cite, 269 00:11:58.020 --> 00:12:01.590 it'll give you options to cite this piece in AMA style, 270 00:12:01.590 --> 00:12:04.950 APA style, MLA style, and NLM style. 271 00:12:04.950 --> 00:12:07.380 In this course we use AMA style, 272 00:12:07.380 --> 00:12:08.790 which is already pulled up 273 00:12:08.790 --> 00:12:11.520 and then you can copy the citation 274 00:12:11.520 --> 00:12:13.710 into your commentary piece, 275 00:12:13.710 --> 00:12:16.053 or in your presentation, or in your proposal. 276 00:12:17.040 --> 00:12:20.340 And so, when you copy this, it's great to use this tool. 277 00:12:20.340 --> 00:12:24.000 It's always important to ensure that it's properly cited 278 00:12:24.000 --> 00:12:24.870 because some articles 279 00:12:24.870 --> 00:12:27.180 might have the metadata inputted wrong, 280 00:12:27.180 --> 00:12:30.540 so it might produce a citation that it says is AMA, 281 00:12:30.540 --> 00:12:32.253 but is, in fact, not AMA. 282 00:12:33.390 --> 00:12:36.330 Finally, here we see that this article is available 283 00:12:36.330 --> 00:12:39.240 for free through PubMed Central 284 00:12:39.240 --> 00:12:41.070 as well as through MDPI. 285 00:12:41.070 --> 00:12:42.060 There's really no difference, 286 00:12:42.060 --> 00:12:43.080 you'll get the same text 287 00:12:43.080 --> 00:12:46.470 and same article and figures by clicking on either link, 288 00:12:46.470 --> 00:12:49.350 but some articles won't be available for free 289 00:12:49.350 --> 00:12:52.320 so you'll need to go to the UVM library website 290 00:12:52.320 --> 00:12:54.720 and copy and paste the title of the article 291 00:12:54.720 --> 00:12:56.730 and search for the article there. 292 00:12:56.730 --> 00:12:59.790 But here it is available, so we'll click on free full text, 293 00:12:59.790 --> 00:13:03.990 another tab will open, and here we see the article, 294 00:13:03.990 --> 00:13:05.670 and we can read through the article 295 00:13:05.670 --> 00:13:08.730 and get the relevant pieces of information. 296 00:13:08.730 --> 00:13:10.110 I hope that this video is helpful, 297 00:13:10.110 --> 00:13:12.840 and please feel free to reach out if you have any questions 298 00:13:12.840 --> 00:13:15.660 about searching for or selecting articles 299 00:13:15.660 --> 00:13:17.673 for your projects in this course.