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- [Instructor] Hello, and
welcome to the video lecture

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for Writing Research.

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So in this topic, we're gonna think about

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how do we write the results
and the implications

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and put it all together to write a report

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about the research that we do?

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Three main considerations that we're going

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to talk about here are the audience,

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the form and the length, and the sections.

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First, we wanna know who the audience is.

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Are they scientists?

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Are they scholars? Are they lay readers?

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And that sort of guides you.

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How much jargon can you use?

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How many really specific vocabulary terms

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can you use?

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So will you use nomothetic and idiographic

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with lay readers?

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Probably not, but if they're
social science researchers

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and scholars, then maybe you could.

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So you need to think about
how much do they already know,

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and what do you wanna explain?

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Another example, if we're
talking about life at UVM,

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there's certain things

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that I think every
student would know about,

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maybe the Davis Center.

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But if you're talking
to an outside audience

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and talking about the Davis Center,

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they're not gonna know what you mean.

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So you wanna think about who's the reader,

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and what do they know, and
what do I have to explain,

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and what can I assume
that they already know?

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Research reports can have a number

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of different lengths and formats.

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So sometimes you can
just write an abstract

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of about 500 words,
sometimes a short report,

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just a few pages.

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The most important output
that I'm expected to do

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is peer-reviewed scholarly
journal articles,

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such as you see the banner for one

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on which I actually serve
on the editorial board.

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So I actually review a lot
of articles for this one,

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as well as write articles.

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They tend to be in the
ballpark of 20 to 30 pages.

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Other outputs.

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So oftentimes you might
write a working paper,

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sort of halfway through the project,

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sort of have I learned so
far, what is tentative,

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and share them and get them out there,

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while you still continue

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to maybe gather data, refine arguments,

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and eventually maybe
submit it to a journal.

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If you got funding, you
may want to write a report.

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They may wish for you to write a report.

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If you get a research-based degree,

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such as certain master's
of science or a PhD,

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you have to write a thesis
or a doctoral dissertation.

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And in some cases, there
are whole books written

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on one or more research projects.

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Here are sections that you will very

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commonly find in a research paper,

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especially a scholarly article.

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So first is an abstract,
which is an overview.

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And then keywords, which are
words that are important,

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but not in the title,

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so that we learned

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when we were looking for articles

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for our lit reviews that
keywords can help us find 'em.

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Then you'll find an introduction,

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which sort of sets up the study.

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What are we doing and why?

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Then a lit review. What
do we already know?

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And then what are the gaps?

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And then the formulation
of the research questions,

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which should really address those gaps.

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And we've done this before, so
this is somewhat of a review.

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Here is a video on avoiding plagiarism.

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So if you ever wonder,
"Should I cite this or not?"

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here's some guidelines, or
you can always ask me as well

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or ask a reference librarian.

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Next, you see the methods,

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which is how did you collect
and analyze the data?

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And there should be enough detail

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that the reader should
theoretically be able

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to reproduce your study.

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And then finally, the results.

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Well, what did you learn?
What are the answers?

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Maybe some themes and quotations

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if you have qualitative data,

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if you have quantitative, descriptive,

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and inferential statistics.

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Once you've presented the results,

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then you want to discuss them.

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What are the major
findings, a quick recap.

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And then how do they compare and contrast

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to what was learned before?

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So go back to your lit review.

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What did we learn?

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What's new? What's not new?

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And then often implications.

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What do we do with this?

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Many of my work,

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they tend to have implications
for future research,

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but especially for
management, for practice,

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and also for policy.

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And then conclusions.

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We sort of sum it up.

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We go over the limitations.

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And often this is also

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where you find future research
directors, directions.

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You wanna acknowledge your
funders and any reviewers.

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Make sure that you cite, that
you give the full citation

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of any references that you cite.

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And in some cases, you may wanna
put an appendix on the end,

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such as your survey
instrument or interview guide.

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So those are all the sections
that you commonly find,

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especially in a journal article.

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They may not all have all of them,

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but most of 'em have most of them.

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And this is a good guideline

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of sort of what should
you expect to write about

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when you write about your research?

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There are also steps about sharing

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your results once you're done.

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So here's a common sequence.

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And this would be especially
for a master's student.

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So the first thing is
you might do a poster

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where you submit it to
a professional meeting

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and sort of get feedback and advice.

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And then once you have some results,

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submit an abstract and
present to one of these

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for professional meetings,
again, get feedback.

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And then finally, submit it to a journal

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and hopefully get a revise and submit.

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So they say, "Yes, we like it,

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but here's how it has to
change," and you do that.

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And once you gain galley proofs,

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so that is, once it's been
accepted and they say,

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"We like this. It's ready to go,"

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they will send you a copy of it laid out

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in their journal format,

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basically exactly what it'll
look like in the journal,

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and go back through one last time,

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make sure that there aren't any
typos or anything like that.

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Send it back, and then it is ready to go.

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And that's always a very exciting moment.

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I also want to discuss some
really important how-to tips

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about writing the article.

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And I definitely want
you to keep these in mind

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when you write your final report,

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and they have to do with
lit review, organization,

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and the idea of curation, or to curate.

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And I'll go over each one.

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When you do your lit review,

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usually you have an inverted funnel.

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You can think about using
the coding techniques

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that we have learned

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to think about your lit review.

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So the open codes are sort of
at the bottom of the funnel

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are your everybody findings.

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The axial codes are the
major themes and patterns.

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And the selective codes
are the overarching themes.

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You can sort of use these same principles

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to organize your lit review.

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And then when you write it out,

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the axial codes may be the
headings of the section,

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and the open codes are
sort of the topic sentences

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for each paragraph in your lit review.

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So you really wanna use
good organizational skills

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and take them right to
the bottom of the funnel,

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which is the research gap.

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This is what we don't know.

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So you sort of take them
from general to specific,

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down through in a well-organized way,

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down to the bottom of the
funnel, which is your gap.

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This is what we don't know.

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Here is a definition of curate,

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and I will let you read it.

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You may wanna pause it.

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And here is where this comes from.

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So what I mean is a museum curator

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does an exhibit,

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that there's many, many possible items

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that could go into that,

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but they carefully select
and organize them in a way

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and lay them out in a way
to really tell a story

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or to create a specific account

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of what was the art of this time,

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and why was it meaningful,
and what was most meaningful?

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So you really want to, as a
researcher, think as a curator.

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So you wanna present it like this,

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not like this, not just a pile of artwork

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all jumbled together

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with no argument,

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no structure, no thread of meaning.

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You also don't wanna do it
throw spaghetti at the wall

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and see what sticks.

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Nor do you want a laundry list.

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So you don't just want a
list of things that have,

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without sort of tying what's
the relationship between them

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and organizing them into key themes.

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As I say here, there's an
almost infinite number of ways

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to write a research paper.

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There are many studies
you may or may not include

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in the lit review.

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There's results you may or may
not include in the results.

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You can't include everything.

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So what you do is you
carefully curate them

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and put together to tell
a story of the study

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and have a good alignment
between the lit review

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and your results.

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So that means that when the analysis

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and the implications are complete,

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you go to the bottom of the funnel,

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and you think about what are
the most important things

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that we learned?

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What are the takeaways?

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What are the really important
sort of lessons or results

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that have emerged from the study?

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And then you want to go
back and realign the paper,

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especially the lit review,

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but also your results and the discussion,

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and really emphasize and enhance parts

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that take you to that key finding,

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and omit or minimize things that do not.

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That is the end of this video lecture.

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Please remember to do the
assessment before class.

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Thank you.